Migration Pack B

Question 1

How is Enchanted Farm and Plush and Play a response to RU migration in the Philippines?

Answer 1

• Ruralisation to make countryside better to keep people there
• People can live in a house on the farm but must create a successful enterprise

Question 2

How is the GK housing NGO a response to RU migration in Manila?

Answer 2

• Gives people in cities land and construction materials
• People build the houses through sweat equity

Question 3

How is Paradise Heights a response to RU migration in the Philippines?

Answer 3

• Top down solution for slum on rubbish dump
• Houses 17,000 people
• 21 blocks
• Very little space so new floors have had to the built

Question 4

How is relocating communities a response to RU migration in the Philippines?

Answer 4

• Top down approach by government
• Provide land and housing
• But in locations people don’t want to live in
• As can’t afford to travel into the city for jobs (money and time)

Question 5

How many people in urban areas are migrants from the countryside?

Answer 5

1 billion

Question 6

What is urbanisation?

Answer 6

The process whereby a greater proportion of people live in urban areas

Question 7

What are the trends in urban populations in HICs and LICs since WWII?

Answer 7

• Greater increase in developing countries
• But lower than HICs
• 50% urban in LICs in 2015
• 75% urban in HICs in 2015

Question 8

What impacts do TNCs and agribusinesses have on landowners?

Answer 8

• Causes subsistence and cattle farmers to relocate
• Due to land grabs and cash cropping
• Reduces the need for rural labour

Question 9

What are two farm product companies who are highly mechanised?

Answer 9

• Cargill
• Monsanto

Question 10

What technology has lead people to see the bright lights of urban areas?

Answer 10

• Satellites, television and radios
• Inexpensive mobile devices in rural Asia and Africa)

Question 11

How have improvements in transport impacted RU migration?

Answer 11

• Removed intervening obstacles to migration
• Trans-Amazon Highway, South America

Question 12

How has the global shift impact RU migration?

Answer 12

• Employment has been shifting to Asia, S America and Africa
• Creates new jobs
  E.g. between 1990 and 2000 in China, 300 million moved to urban area

Question 13

What is an example of ruralisation in rural Kenya?

Answer 13

• M-Pesa mobile phone service
• Enabled transfer of money trough phones
• Farmers and fishermen can check on market prices before selling to maximise income
• Women can secure micro loans

Question 14

Why was the RU migration in China?

Answer 14

• Government authorised free movement of people
• 150-250 million Chinese have moved within China since 1978
• Largest migration in history

Question 15

Why did the Chinese government encourage RU migration?

Answer 15

• Started economic reforms in 1978
• Only 20% of people lived in urban areas
• To give cities a site factor of a large cheap labour force to attract FDI
• China could then benefit from globalisation

Question 16

What was the hukou system in China?

Answer 16

• Household registration in a specific region
• Enabled free education and healthcare

Question 17

What were the net internal migration patterns in China between 2010 and 2015?

Answer 17

• Movement from central to coastal areas
• Central provinces were net losers
• Coastal areas were major gainers
• No/limited change in N and W provinces
• Hainan island and two northern coastal provinces did not gain (anomalies)

Question 18

How did China’s economic reform happen?

Answer 18

• Farmers sold surplus crops on open market from 1978
• Success and more open trade led to the privitisation of other state owner enterprises
• Became a member of the World Bank in 1980
• Opened 4 SEZs to encourage FDI (E.g. Shenzhen)
• International companies moved in to build factors and for cheap labour
• Stock markets opened in 1990 in Shanghai and Shenzhen
• Economic growth of 10% per year
• 500 million out of poverty

Question 19

What were the impacts of the mass RU migration in China?

Answer 19

• Increased loneliness and depression increases suicide rates
• Alienisation from urban and rural environments
• No social services in cities
• Faced discrimination
• Couldn’t bring children

Question 20

What is the planned RU migration in China?

Answer 20

• 250 million will move from farms to cities in next 15 years
• Eventually 70% will live in cities