Migration Pack D

Question 1

What is the total number of people now not living in the country they were born in?

Answer 1

• 304 million
• 3.7% of the population

Question 2

What causes international out migration?

Answer 2

• Poverty
• Primary commodity prices
• Poor access to markets
• Diaspora communities
• Colonial and Commonwealth links
• Legislation permitting freer movement

Question 3

How does poverty cause international out migration?

Answer 3

• Many people migrate from places where they suffer poverty to places where incomes are higher
  E.g. Poles to the UK, Laos to Thailand, SE Asia to the Middle East

Question 4

How do primary commodity prices cause international out migration?

Answer 4

• LICs export primary commodities for export revenues
• Price they get depends on supply and demand
• Can very by 50% in a year due to yields and demands
• Low prices mean a lack of investment by the government into healthcare, education and infrastructure
• Producers may not be able to meet basic needs
• Poor trade deals due to poor governance
• MNCs can take advantage or overproduction can push prices down due to excess supply

Question 5

How does poor access to markets cause international out migration?

Answer 5

• Trade blocs can use tariffs
• Protects their own producer by putting import tariffs on goods imported from outside the bloc
• HICs use subsides to support their own producers
• Other producers have to sell at lower prices to compete
• Quotas imposed by HICs restrict how much LICs can sell
• Lack of income from being unable to sell or having to sell at lower prices

Question 6

What are diaspora communities?

Answer 6

Large groups of people with a similar heritage who might have migrated to different parts of the world

Question 7

How do diaspora communities cause international out migration?

Answer 7

• Advantageous as help is given to support new arrivals, possibility of employment and access to services that cater to the cultural needs of a community
• India has the largest diaspora population of 20 million living abroad (most in UK)

Question 8

How do colonial and Commonwealth links cause international out migration?

Answer 8

• Migrants from former colonies are attracted to former ruling country
• Large diaspora of community may already exist
• Familiarity with culture and language makes it easier to migrate and integrate
• Encouraged by former ruling nation to fill gaps in labour force (e.g. Windrush)

Question 9

Why did the Windrush migration start?

Answer 9

• 16,000 soldiers from the British Caribbean fought for the British Army and Air Force in WW2
• Most returned to Caribbean when war ended
• Britain was destroyed and need workers in transport, postal services and new NHS
• Reached out to colonies as 1948 British Nationality Act meant those with a Commonwealth passport could work and live in Britain

Question 10

How many people migrated as part of the Windrush generation?

Answer 10

• Between 1948 and 1971, an estimated 500,000 people migrant to Britain from the Caribbean
• In 2021 census, 1.1 million people identified as being Caribbean

Question 11

What did the Windrush migration cause?

Answer 11

• Increase migration resulted in changes to immigration laws
• Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 and 1968 restricted migration
• Immigration Act 1971 restricted further and required close UK ancestry

Question 12

How many people in the UK are Bangladeshi?

Answer 12

In the 2021 census, 1% of the British population were Asian-British Bangladeshi

Question 13

How does legislation permitting free movement cause international out migration?

Answer 13

• Parts of the world allow free movement between countries
• EU allows free movement of labour through the Schengen zone

Question 14

What is the Schengen agreement?

Answer 14

• System of open borders between 29 countries
• Signed in 1985, into action in 1995
• Free movement within zone
• Stronger external border controls
• Ireland and Cyprus are the only EU countries not in

Question 15

How many people benefit from the Schengen zone?

Answer 15

• 3.5 million move everyday passport free
• 1.7 million work in a different country to the one they live in

Question 16

What is MERCOSUR doing?

Answer 16

• S American trade bloc
• Have a Residence Agreement
• Allows nationals of the 12 South American countries to live and work in others

Question 17

What is the African Union doing?

Answer 17

• Free movement protocol
• 32 countries signed but only 4 have ratified

Question 18

How do superpowers exert influence and attract migrants?

Answer 18

• Combination of economic, political, cultural and military power
• Which maintains and strengthens their global dominance
• Other countries emulate the characteristics of a superpower, which spreads influence

Question 19

What is soft power?

Answer 19

The ability to co-opt rather than coerce another nation

Question 20

What is soft power based on?

Answer 20

• Culture
• Political values
• Foreign policies

Question 21

Which country is the leader in soft power?

Answer 21

• USA
• Shapes global culture through global mega corporations
• Shapes global economics and politics through the World Bank and UN

Question 22

What are the characteristics of superpowers?

Answer 22

• Economic opportunities
• Education and research
• Cultural influence
• Political stability
• Military influence

Question 23

What are the economic opportunities in superpowers?

Answer 23

• Offer higher wages, better employment prospects and access to advanced industries/education
• Skilled workers, entrepreneurs and students move
• Seek opportunities in sectors of technology, finance and research
• Influx of talent supports innovation and economic growth

Question 24

What is the education and research in superpowers?

Answer 24

• Leading universities and research institutions attract international students
• Remain and contribute to host country’s economy
  E.g. Oxford, MIT and Tsinghua

Question 25

What is the cultural influence in superpowers?

Answer 25

- Through global media, entertainment and lifestyle branding - Projects an image of success and modernity that attracts migrants E.g. Hollywood, Western fashion, social media creates cultural appeal and aspiration

Question 26

What is the political stability in superpowers?

Answer 26

- Promote values such as democracy, freedom and equality - Appealing destinations for migrants escaping repression or conflict in other regions

Question 27

What is the military influence in superpowers?

Answer 27

- Alliances and military presence - Shapes migration patterns by creating stability - E.g. NATO

Question 28

What are the political strategies to develop cities as global hubs for investment and migrants?

Answer 28

- Allow MNC HQs - Have world renowned universities - Have political and financial institutions - Top-down support from government (e.g. planned industrial hubs like China's Shenzhen SEZ and research and development support)

Question 29

What are elite migrants?

Answer 29

- High-skilled workers and high-wealth individuals - Small flow - Encounter few obstacles when moving between countries - Governments often welcome elite migrants

Question 30

What economy do many elite migrants work in?

Answer 30

- Knowledge economy E.g. musicians, actors, bankers, doctors, software designers, athletes

Question 31

What are the impacts of elite migrants?

Answer 31

- Benefits host nation - Leaves source country with brain drain E.g. US and Indian IT professional work in the UK's quaternary industry