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mikrobiyoloji Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

bacteria size- visibilty

A 
1-2 microns
smallest 0.1-0.2 mikrom
larger bacteria  many microns length
visible with the light microscope
animal and plant cells are much larger thant bacteria
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2
Q

microbial taxonomy

A

comprises three distinct but highly interrelated disciplines:
classification
nomenclature
identification
applied to all living entities
taxonomy provides a consistent means to classify, name and identify organisms

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3
Q

microbial classification

A

the organization of microorganisms that share similar morphologic physiologic and genetic traits into spesific groups

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4
Q

classification in hierarchial order from smaller to larger

A 
species
genus
family
order
class
division
kingdom
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5
Q

which taxonomic groups do we interest in biology?

A

species and genus

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6
Q

species

A

tür
most basic taxonomic group
they share many common physiologic and genetic features (stracture, pathology, immunology…)
there are subspecies: they share spesific but minor characteristics
taxonomic importance, practical utility
in diagnostic microbiolgy: usually limited value

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7
Q

3 subspecie types

A

biotype
serotype
genotypes

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8
Q

nomenclature

A

the naming of microorganisms according to established rules and guidelines
genus and species are important
binomial (two-name) stystem

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9
Q

organism label rules

A

two pars
genus- always capitalized
species- never capitalized
written with italics or underlined
can be used with upper form of first letter of genus with . and full species name
exp: Genus species and G. species
informal designation used too but not italicized or capitalized exp: staphylococci, enterococci…

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10
Q

eukaryote major groups

A

algae fungi(yeasts,molds) protozoa plants animals (greek for true nucleus)

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11
Q

prokaryote major group

A

bacteria archae blue-green algae (greek for primitive nucleus)

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12
Q

eukaryote size

A

> 5 mikrom

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13
Q

prokaryote size

A

0,5-3,0 mikrom

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14
Q

eukaryote prokaryote nucleus difference

A

euk has classic membrane

prok hasnt got nuclear membrane

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15
Q

eukaryote chromosome type

A

strands of DNA, diploid genome

human contains 3 billion base pairs

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16
Q

prokaryote chromosome type

A

single double-stranded, circular DNA, haploid genome

contains 5 million base pairs

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17
Q

eukaryote prokaryote ribosome difference

A 
eukaryote 80s (60s+40s)
prokaryote 70s (50s+30s) (smaller)
according to location of ribosomes
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18
Q

eukaryote prokaryote cytoplasmic membrane difference

A

eukaryote contains sterols

prokaryote doesnt contain sterols

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19
Q

eukaryote prokaryote cell wall difference

A

eukaryote only present for fungi

prokaryote: a complex structure containing protein, lipids, peptidoglycans (meshlike)

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20
Q

eukaryote prokaryote reproduction difference

A

eukaryote: sexual and asexual
prokaryote: asexual (binary fission)

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21
Q

eukaryote prokaryote movement difference

A

eukaryote: complex flagellum if present (kamçı)
prokaryote: simple flagellum if present

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22
Q

eukaryote prokaryote respiration(solunum) difference

A

eukaryote: via mitochondria
prokaryote: via cytoplasmic membrane

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23
Q

archaebacteria

A

resemble bacteria in most ways but represent a domain unique from bacteria and eukaryotes

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24
Q

eukaryote prokaryote survivng difference

A

bacteria is more resistent than eukaryotic cells

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25
bacterial classification
by their macroscopic and microscopic appearance by characteristic growth and metabolic properities by antigenicty by genotype
26
macroscopic and microscopic distinction
by growth characteristics and different nutrient and selective media
27
colony
bacteria grow in colonies | eanch colony is a city of million or more organisms
28
different types of shapes of bacteria
cocci bacilli rods curved spiral
29
bacteria types for the abilty to retain Gram or other stains
Gram-positive Gram-negative Acid fast positive or negative
30
aggregates
some bacteria form | grapelike clusters or diplococcus(two cells together)
31
Gram stain
rapid, powerful, easy test used to distinguish between the two major classes of bacteria used to develope initial diagnosis used to initiate therapy based on inherent differences in the bacteria
32
metabolic features of bacteria
anaerobic-aerobic
33
bacterial classificication according to antigenic features / serotyping
``` serotyping: using antibodies to detect characteristic antigens very specific but not frequently used *too difficult to grow *too dangerous *need to be identified rapidly(hızla) ```
34
genetic distinction of bacteria
the most precise (kesin) method for classifying bacteria | by analisis of genetic material
35
gram positive bacteria color
violet-blue
36
gram positive bacteria types
bacilli cocci: streptococcus, staphylcoccus branching filaments
37
gram negative bacteria color
red
38
gram negative becteria types
diplococci coccobacilli bacilli comma shaped
39
bacteria types that cant be characterized by Gram reaction
mycobacteria obligate intracelluar and nonculturable bacteria cell wall deficient bacteria: mycoplasma, ureaplasma spirochetes
40
what layers surround the cytıplasmic membrane in cell walls?
rigid peptidoglycan (murein)
41
cell wall in Gram positive bacteria
thick multilayered cell wall consisting mainly of peptidoglycan degraded(bozulmak) by treatment with lysozyme *includes proteins, teichoic and lipoteichoic acids and complex polysaccharides(C polysaccharides)
42
why is peptidoglycan is essential for cell wall
for structure for replication for survival in the normally hostile conditions
43
protoplast
the structure formed by the removal of the cell wall
44
teichoic acids
water soluble, anionic polymers of polyol phosphates
45
lipoteichoic acids
fatty acids and anchored in cytoplasmic membrane
46
cell wall in Gram negative bacteria
cell walls are more complicated than gps contains two layers external to the cytoplasmic membrane no teichoic or lipoteichoid acid has outer membrane addition of lysozyme to GN cells with a disrupted outer membrane produces spheroplasts
47
outer membrane
external to the peptidoglycan layer uniqe to GNs connected to cytoplasmic membrane at adhesion sites and tied to peptidoglycan by lipoprotein
48
periplasmic space
area between the external surface of the cytoplasmic membrane and the internal surface of the outer membrane contains components of of transport systems and variety of hydrolytic enzymes these functions are important to the cell for the breakdown of large macromolecules
49
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
also called endotoxin a powerful stimulator of innate and immune responses *induces fever and can cause shock *Shwartzman reaction (disseminated intravascular coagulation=DIC) follows the release of large amounts of endotoxin into the bloodstream neisseria bacteria shed a large amounts of related molecule, lipooligosaccharide (LOS), resulting in fever and severe symptoms contains transmembrane proteins?
50
porins
form pores allowing the diffusion of hydrophilic molecules less than 700Da in mass through the membrane
51
protoplasts and spheroplasts
laboratory generated entities | have everything expect cell wall
52
spheroblasts
a bacterium or plant cell bound by its plasma membrane, the cell wall being deficient or lacking and the whole having a spherical form spherical shape assumed by gram negative bacteria
53
protoplasts
spherical shape assumed by gram positive bacteria
54
L forms of bacteria
arise spontaneously | lack cell wall
55
cytoplasmic structure of bacteria
contains DNA chromosome, messenger RNA (mRna), ribosomes, proteins and metabolites unlike eukaryotes, the bacterial chromosome is a double stranded circle, isnt contained in a nucleus but in an area called nucleoid, is haploid, Dna doesnt have histons dna doesnt form nucleosomes contain plasmids
56
plasmids
eukaryotes dont have smaller, circular, extrachromosomal DNAs not essential but adds extra functions, residency(antibiotic olayı)
57
why is transcription and translation are coupled in prokaryotes?
because there isnt a nuclear membrane, | iki olay arası çok kısa sürüyor
58
what is mycoplasma difference to prokaryotes in membranes?
mycoplasmas contain steroids
59
capsules
loose polysaccharide or protein layers closely surrounding bacteria
60
slime layer
loosely adherent material around bacteria
61
*the capsules or slime layers also called what?*
glycocalyx
62
the bacteria that produces a polypeptide capsule
bacillus anthracis
63
india ink
with this capsules can be seen
64
capsule and slime functions
unnecessary for the growth of bacteria very important for survival in the host poorly antigenic and antiphagocytic factor major virulence factor
65
biofilm
external structure a polysaccharide structure produced and secreted by bacteria when quarum reached bu halde antibiyotikler dah zor etki eder, fagosite olmaları zorlaşır supports growth, establishes a bacterial community and protects bacteria from antibiotics and host defenses tooth plaque produced by s. mutans is biofilm exp
66
quorum
sufficiency numbers of bacteria
67
quorum sensing
a system used by bacteria to coordinate gene expression according to the density of their local population çoğunluk sağlanınca organizasyon biraz değişir replikasyon duru başka şeyler yaparlar
68
biggest infection in the world
diş çürüğü
69
flagella
ropelike propellers made up of helical coiled protein subunits: flagellin anchored in the membranes through hook and basal body structures and driven by membrane potential provide motilty for bacteria allows chemotaxis( cell to swim toward food or away from posions)
70
fimbrae(pili)
hairlike structures on the outside of bacteria composed of protein subunits(pilin) smaller than flagella doesnt coiled in structure promote adherence to other bacteria or to the host attach to target cells alt. names: adhesins, lectins, evasins, aggressins important virulence factor for colonization and infection of the urinary tract
71
adhesine
adherence factor
72
lectins
tips of fimbrae | protein structure binding to specific sugars
73
F pili
sex pili bind to other bacteria a tube for large segments of bacterial chromosems transport btween bacteria
74
mycobacteria
surrounded by a waxlike lipidcoat of mycolic acid, cord factor, wax D, sulfolipids staining acid-fast chalydia and mycoplasmas has no peptidoglycan cell wall
75
spores
under harsh enviromental conditions these bacteria can convert from vegetative state to dormant state or spore no metabolic activity doesnt replicate some GP form but never GNs bacillus and closridium the location of spore within a cell is characteristic of bacteria assist in identification of bacterium (central terminal subtrrminal) allows bacteria to exist in suspended animation contains complete copy of chromosome bare min essential proteins ribosomes high concentration of calcium bond to dipicolinic acid has inner membrane, two peptidoglikan layers outer keratinlike protein coat can survive for decadeas looks refractile(bright) in microscope

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