tıbbi biyoloji ing

Question 1

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 1

ökaryotk hücrenn membranının yarısını er labirentleri oluşturur
labirent : branching tubules ve flattened sacs içerir
rough (granüllü) ve smooth (granülsüz)

Question 2

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum SER

Answer 2

ribosome yok
tubular and form an interconnecting system of pipelines curving through cytoplasm ( dış kısımda sitoplazmaya yakın)
skeletal muscle, kidney tubules, steroid producin endocrine glands

Question 3

functions of SER

Answer 3

1-lipid biosynthesis: central organelle for syntesis of phospholipid, cholesterol and ceramid
2-syntesis of steroid hormones: in the endocrine cells of the gonad and adrenal cortex
leyding-testis-testesteron
granulosa lutein-corpus luteum-progesteron
cortex-suprarenal gland- corticosteroid
3-contribution in metabolic functions: detoxification
enzimler toksik maddelere hidroksilasyon ile -oh ekleyip polarlaştırıyor, suda atılmaları kolaylaşıyor
4-sequestering calcium ions within the cisternal space: sarkolpasmic reticulum, Ca deposu
5-lipid transport: triglycerides oluşma yeri

Question 4

main produced phospholipid of SER

Answer 4

phosphotidylcholine

Question 5

main produced phospholipid of ER

Answer 5

phosphoglyceride

Question 6

main produced phospholipid of golgi

Answer 6

sphingolipid

Question 7

main produced phospholipid of mitochondria

Answer 7

cardiolipin

Question 8

Von Gierke syndrome

Answer 8

patients can store glycogen but cant digest
hipoglycemia and enlargement in liver and heart
glycogen storage disease type 1 most common
type 1b: GGP transfer eden SER bozuk
type 1a: GGP sentezi sorunlu

Question 9

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 9

interconnected flattened sacs

protein folding diseases

Question 10

functions of RER

Answer 10

1-the site of synthesis of secretory proteins
2-co translational targetting
3-modification of protein starts when polypeptide comes to RER lumen: 
proteolytic cleavage 
glycosylation 
folding
4- glycosylation: kimlik kazandırır
dolichols and asparagine önemli
n-ligt azot kısmına
5-protein folding: sekonder, terisyer yapıları kazandırır
disulfide bond
coupling two thiol groups

Question 11

co-translational targetting

Answer 11

era gelmeden başlıyor, sinyal sekansıyla içeri era gidip sentez devam ediyor, burada 2, 3, yapılar kalanmayala oluşmaya başlıyor

Question 12

the golgi complex

Answer 12

paketleme ve salglama
modifiye ürünleri paketleuip gidecekleri yerler götürme
3 structre: 
cisternea
transport vesciles
condensed vacoules

Question 13

polarity of golgi

Answer 13

ERa bakan cis yüz

işlemin tamamlanıp vezikül çıkan transyüz

Question 14

functions of golgi

Answer 14

glycosylation
sulfation
sorting and packaging of proteins
modifies n-linked oligosaccharides, adds o-linked oligosaccharides
proteine son şekil
formation of primary lysosomes

Question 15

ER does ? linked glycosylation

Answer 15

N linked

Question 16

golgi does ? linked glycosylation

Answer 16

O linked

Question 17

why do they do glycosylation?

Answer 17

aids in proper protein folding
provides protection against proteases (lysosomal membrane proteins)
employed for signaling
cell-cell interaction

Question 18

clathrin

Answer 18

vezikülleri kaplar yol gösterir
regüle eden endositoz
kontol edilir ihtiyaç olunca salınır

Question 19

cop 2

Answer 19

erdan golgiye

Question 20

cop1

Answer 20

golgiden era geli

kontrolsüz sürekli salınım

Question 21

glikokaliks

Answer 21

hücreleri khidratla kaplıyor
hücre örtüsü
içerdeki proteini korur (lizozom)

Question 22

sulfation in golgi

Answer 22

tyrosine sulfation

mucopolysaccharides

Question 23

formation of primary lysosomes

Answer 23

vezikül+ mannoz 6 fosfat= lizozom olacak primer ypı

mannoz 6 fosfat reseptörlerdeki spesifiklği belirler

Question 24

sorting and packaging of proteins in golgi

Answer 24

1-lysosomal pathway
2-constitutive secretion:to extracelluar space, plasma membrane proteins also used
3-regulated secretion: hormones, enzymes

Question 25

lysosomes

Answer 25

contains enzymes: acid hydrolases hücreiçi sindirim, golgide asit hidrolazlar paketlenir, primer lizozom substratla birleşince: sekonder lizozom (aktif çalışan yolak) içte glikokaliks korur bis-fosfat: fosfolipitlerden daha dayanıklı lipidler membranında H-ATPaz: asidik ortamı korur

Question 26

lizozom substrat çeşitleri

Answer 26

bakteriler: fagositik yaşlanmış hücreler: otolojik endositozla alınan moleküller: endositik

Question 27

lysosomal storage diseases

Answer 27

enzimler vs bozulur yapılar içinde birikir

Question 28

mitochondria and functions

Answer 28

``` kendi sayısını şeklini toplanma bölgesini enerji nerde gerekliyse değişebilir her iç kıvrım: krista membran %80 protein %20 lipid oxidative phosphorylation uses pyruvate or fatty acids to energy gluconeogenesis urea synthesis in liver synthesis of heme small amount of steroid synthesis lipid synthesis ```

Question 29

4 distinct compartments of mitochondria

Answer 29

1-outer membrane:large porins, lipid syntesis enzymes involved 2- intermembrane space: contains enzymes that uses newly made atp 3-inner membrane:cristae to maximize space, redox proteins, atp synthesis proteins, transport protein, contain cardiolipin 4-matrix:enzymes for krebs cycle rna dna ribozom

Question 30

mitochondrial and nuclear DNA differences

Answer 30

mt: halkasal nüklear: lineer mtde histone and intron yok nüklearda var mt dna anneden gelir, mutasyona hastalıklara açık

Question 31

intron

Answer 31

proteine dönüşmeyen gen bölgesi gen düzenler alternatif kırpılma

Question 32

peroxisome and functions

Answer 32

bud off from endoplasmic reticulum site of synthesis and degradation of hydrogen peroxide participate in the metabolism of fatty acids and many other import proteins into organelles and aid in proliferation production of bile (safra) acids and proteins synthesis of cholesterol, stains enzyme lowers synthesis of myelin lipids brekdown of excess purines to uric acid

Question 33

catalase

Answer 33

h2o2 breakdown enzyme

Question 34

peroxisome oxidative enzymes

Answer 34

catalase d-amino acid oxidase uric acid oxidase

Question 35

ribosome

Answer 35

site of protein synthesis made from protein and rRNA two sub units

Question 36

who and when fluid mosaic model found

Answer 36

singer and nicolson 1972

Question 37

membrane functions

Answer 37

``` protection communication selectively allow substances in respond to environment recognition ```

Question 38

membrane lipids

Answer 38

phospholipids glycolipids cholesterol all amphipathic, this gives them self formation of lipid bilayer in the liquid environment

Question 39

phospholipids

Answer 39

the carbon number of fatty acids between 14-24 16-18 most commonly büyük boy: silindirik küçük boy: konik beraber olamk isterler?

Question 40

cholesterol in membrane

Answer 40

steroid found in interaction with the phospholipids in the celluar membrane stabilizes the membrane by limiting the movements of phospholipids and make the membrane more rigid lipid rafts it affects the diameter of the membrane

Question 41

membrane fluidity depends on:

Answer 41

composition of lipids composition of hydrophobic fat temperature

Question 42

gel-like membrane

Answer 42

long saturated acyl chains

Question 43

fluid membrane

Answer 43

short unsaturated acyl chains

Question 44

lipid movement types across the membrane

Answer 44

lateral diffusion (yan yan) rotation (kendi etrafında) flexion (bükülme) flip-flop with flippase (alt üst tabaka arası)

Question 45

lipid asymmetry in membrane

Answer 45

different types of lipids in each monolayer one monolayer becomes more fluid the difference the electrical charge between monolayers the change in the membrane structure

Question 46

types of membrane proteins

Answer 46

1- integral : amphipathic, transmembrane | 2- peripheral: hydrophilic, surface of the membrane

Question 47

membrane proteins funcitons

Answer 47

transport (ion channels) receptor (hormones and growth factors) specialized character for tissue

Question 48

composition of protein in | myelin and mitochondria

Answer 48

myelin: %25 mitochondria: %75

Question 49

carbonhydrates in cell membrane and types

Answer 49

proteins and lipids have covalently attached carbonhydrates | 3 types of carbonhydrates : glycoprotein, glycolipid, protepglycan