Miscellaneous

Question 1

Which of the following techniques is used to measure the relationship of the femoral head and acetabulum by evaluating the alpha and beta angles?

Graf
Ortolani
Barlow
Thompson

Answer 1

Graf

Question 2

Inflammation and infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue is termed:

ascites
retroperitoneal fibrosis
cellulitis
subcutaneous edema

Answer 2

cellulitis

Question 3

Clinical findings of tendonitis include all of the following EXCEPT:

itching in the area of the tendon
pain
edema
the area is warm to touch

Answer 3

itching in the area of the tendon

Question 4

Which of the following is a clinical test for developmental hip dysplasia that is used to evaluate the hip for reduction or relocation or a dislocated hip?

Graf
Ortolani
Barlow
Thompson

Answer 4

Ortolani

Question 5

What test can be performed to determine a torn Achilles tendon?

McBurney test
McDonald test
Thompson test
Baker test

Answer 5

Thompson test

Question 6

A cystic mass located within the popliteal fossa is most likely a:

Baker cyst
Thompson cyst
Ganglion cyst
lipoma

Answer 6

Baker cyst

Question 7

A patient presents with a palpable, oozing mass at the level of the natal cleft. What is the most likely etiology of this mass?

pannus cyst
epidermoid
hemangioma
pilonidal cyst

Answer 7

pilonidal cyst

Question 8

A common mass found along the dorsal aspect of the hand and wrist is the:

Baker cyst
Thompson cyst
ganglion cyst
lipoma

Answer 8

ganglion cyst

Question 9

The Achilles tendon connects the:

ankle to the knee
heel to ankle
heel to calf muscle
knee to calf muscle

Answer 9

heel to calf muscle

Question 10

In what position should the patient be placed to better evaluate the Achilles tendon?

prone
supine
right lateral decubitus
left lateral decubitus

Answer 10

prone

Question 11

Inflammation of the breast that is related to pregnancy is referred to as:

puerperal mastitis
retromammary mastitis
chronic mastitis
emphysematous mastitis

Answer 11

puerperal mastitis

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the Thompson test?

the patient lies prone and performs plantarflexion
the patient lies prone while symptomatic calf is squeezed
the patient lies supine and performs plantarflexion
the patient lies prone and performs dorsiflexion

Answer 12

the patient lies prone while symptomatic calf is squeezed

Question 13

Which of the following is true about patients with a lipoma?

pain in the area of the mass
often are obese
slight tenderness in the area of the mass
feel no pain

Answer 13

feel no pain

Question 14

Subluxation denotes:

synovial joint obstruction
partial hip dislocation
rupture of the bursa
inflammation of the acetabulum

Answer 14

partial hip dislocation

Question 15

All of the following are keys to identifying foreign bodies with sonography EXCEPT:

most foreign bodies appear hypoechoic
a linear array transducer should be used
most foreign bodies are better visualized using a stand off pad
comet-tail artifact may be seen posterior to metallic objects

Answer 15

most foreign bodies appear HYPERECHOIC not hypoechoic

Question 16

A 6 year old female patient presents to the sonography department for a hip sonogram with irritability, unwillingness to walk, and low grade fever. Sonographically, you visualize a hypoechoic fluid collection that elevates the joint capsule. What is the most likely diagnosis?

developmental hip dysplasia
subluxation
joint effusion
hip dislocation

Answer 16

joint effusion

Question 17

Which of the following would be best described as a benign tumor comprised of fat?

hemangioma
lipoma
hamartoma
oncocytoma

Answer 17

lipoma

Question 18

What is the most likely cause of hip joint effusion in infants?

tendonitis
bursitis
developmental hip dysplasia
transient synovitis

Answer 18

transient synovitis

Question 19

Which of the following tranducers would be best suited to sonographically assess for a splinted in a patient’s hand?

high frequency linear array
low frequency curved array
high frequency sector
low frequency linear array

Answer 19

high frequency linear array

Question 20

Which of the following would be best described as a benign tumor comprised of blood vessels?

hemangioma
lipoma
hamartoma
oncocytoma

Answer 20

hemangioma

Question 21

The accumulation of synovial fluid from a weakening in the joint capsule of the knee, as seen in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis can result in a:

hemangioma
lipoma
Baker cyst
ganglion cyst

Answer 21

Baker cyst

Question 22

Fluid within the synovial sheath is indicative of:

hyperemic flow
tendosynovitis
cartilaginous inflammation
cartilaginous extension

Answer 22

tendosynovitis

Question 23

Which of the following best describes the most common sonographic appearance of gynecomastia?

hypoechoic, retroareolar mass
hyperechoic, exophytic mass
anechoic, retroareolar mass
hyperechoic, areolar mass

Answer 23

hypoechoic, retroareolar mass

Question 24

Acoustic shadowing caused by bending of a sound beam at the edge of a curved reflector is referred to as:

mirror image artifact
indirect artifact
reflective shadowing
refractive shadowing

Answer 24

refractive shadowing

Question 25

Inflammation of the tendon and synovial tendon sheath is referred to as: tendosynovitis tendonitis cellulitis pannus

Answer 25

tendosynovitis

Question 26

A patient presents to the sonography department with a history of cellulitis on his abdomen. The patient has fever, edema, and complains of focal tenderness in a specific region affected by the cellulitis. Sonographically, you identify a localized complex collection of fluid. What is the most likely diagnosis? superficial hemangioma subcutaneous carcinoma mastitis superficial abscess

Answer 26

superficial abscess

Question 27

A complicated Baker cyst may contain a thin flap of tissue referred to as: pannus plicae septation lipoma

Answer 27

pannus

Question 28

Which of the following is also referred to as a Bible bump? ganglion cyst superficial endodermal cyst superficial epidermal cyst epidermoid

Answer 28

ganglion cyst

Question 29

Clinical findings of a Baker cyst may mimic those of a(n): AV malformation DVT knee fracture ganglion cyst

Answer 29

DVT

Question 30

Sonographically, normal muscle appears as: hyperechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands complex tissue that contains linear, hypoechoic strands hypoechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands echogenic tissue that contains linear, hypoechoic strands

Answer 30

hypoechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands

Question 31

All of the following are true ganglion cysts EXCEPT: common mass found along the superior aspect of the hand and wrist appear as an incompressible, anechoic mass with acoustic enhancement may be hard to touch and are painful often treated with an injection of corticosteroids

Answer 31

common mass found along the DORSAL aspect of the hand and wrist

Question 32

A partial tear of a tendon typically appears as: focal hypoechoic areas within the tendon focal echogenic area within the tendon diffusely heterogenous area within the tendon edema and refractive shadowing in the area of the divided tendon

Answer 32

focal hypoechoic areas within the tendon

Question 33

Tendons sonographically appear as: echogenic, fibrous structures connecting muscles to bones echogenic, fibrous structures connecting bones to bones hypoechoic, linear arrangements within hyperechoic tissue hyperechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands

Answer 33

echogenic, fibrous structures connecting muscles to bones

Question 34

A standoff pad is most useful in imaging: deep structures that produce acoustic enhancement deep structures that produce acoustic shadowing structures the produce refractive shadowing superficial structures

Answer 34

superficial structures

Question 35

Hyperemic flow within or around a structure is often indicative of: malignancy benignancy inflammation rupture

Answer 35

inflammation

Question 36

All of the following will aid in the sonographic assessment of an Achilles tendon EXCEPT: patient lies prone with feet hanging off the end of the bed both symptomatic and symptomatic Achilles should be scanned for comparison the entire tendon should be evaluated in SAG and TRV patient is scanned standing with a small amount of pressure placed on the symptomatic side

Answer 36

patient is scanned standing with a small amount of pressure placed on the symptomatic side

Question 37

Which of the following best describes the Thompson test? calf is squeezed and the foot should plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear in the Achilles tendon calf is squeezed and the foot should not plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear in the Achilles tendon the Achilles tendon is squeezed and the foot should plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear of the Achilles tendon the Achilles tendon is squeezed and the foot should not plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear of the Achilles tendon

Answer 37

calf is squeezed and the foot should plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear in the Achilles tendon

Question 38

Superficial lipomas may appear as all of the following EXCEPT: hypoechoic to the surrounding tissue isoechoic to the surrounding tissue hyperechoic to the surrounding tissue anechoic to the surrounding tissue

Answer 38

anechoic to the surrounding tissue

Question 39

Bullets, shrapnel, and other metallic objects may cause: acoustic enhancement comet-tail artifacts edge enhancement mirror image artifact

Answer 39

comet-tail artifacts

Question 40

Which of the following at the site of a foreign body may produce bright echoes and therefore cause some ambiguity about the correct orientation of the object? fluid enhancement dust air

Answer 40

air

Question 41

Which transducer will provide the most optimal imaging of the breast? 3.5 MHz curved linear array 5.0 MHz curved linear array 5.0 MHz linear array 7.5 MHz linear array 10.0 MHz linear array

Answer 41

10.0 MHz linear array

Question 42

You have been requested to perform an ultrasound exam to rule out the presence of a Baker's cyst. Where will you look? breast neck mediastinum popliteal fossa groin

Answer 42

popliteal fossa

Question 43

You have been requested to perform an ultrasound exam to rule out the presence of a popliteal aneurysm. Where will you look? groin calf behind the knee elbow shoulder

Answer 43

behind the knee

Question 44

A patient has been referred for an ultrasound study of the parotid gland. Where is this gland located? between the external auditory canal and the inferior edge of the mandible superior to the CCA between the ICA and ECA lateral to the sternocleidomastoid muscle midline in the neck, superior to the isthmus medial to the carotid sheath, anterior to the longus coli muscle, inferior to the carotid bifurcation

Answer 44

between the external auditory canal and the inferior edge of the mandible

Question 45

What is the appearance of a normal lymph node in the breast? small, ovoid with hypoechoic rim and echogenic hilum large, round with hyperechoic rim and hypoechoic hilum small, rounded with homogenous, hypoechoic echotexture small with microlobulations and heterogeneous echotexture small, ellipsoid frequently containing cystic areas and microcalcifications

Answer 45

small, ovoid with hypoechoic rim and echogenic hilum

Question 46

A patient has been referred for an ultrasound study to rule out the presence of a rectus sheath hematoma. Where will you look? lateral aspect of the affected thigh popliteal fossa calf neck mid abdominal wall

Answer 46

mid abdominal wall

Question 47

You have been asked to perform an ultrasound exam of the Achilles tendon. Which transducer would provide the most optimal image of this structure? 5.0 MHz linear array 5.0 MHz curved linear array 7.5 MHz curved linear array 10 MHz curved linear array 12 MHz linear array

Answer 47

12 MHz linear array

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT an accepted indication for breast ultrasound? differentiation of cysts from solid masses evaluation of a palpable mass that is not visible in the radiographically dense breast screening for malignancy in the general population assessment of a mass that is inaccessible to mammography due to location evaluation of a young patient with a palpable mass

Answer 48

screening for malignancy in the general population

Question 49

A patient has been referred for sonographic evaluation of a right lateral breast mass seen on mammography. What is the correct patient positioning to evaluate this mass? patient supine with right arm adducted patient in left posterior oblique position with right arm abducted patient supine with arms folded across chest patient in right posterior oblique position with right arm adducted patient in left decubitus position with right arm adducted

Answer 49

patient in left posterior oblique position with right arm abducted

Question 50

You have been asked to determine if a mammographically detected breast mass is cystic or solid. What is the established accuracy of ultrasound for distinguishing a simple cyst from a solid lesion? 10-22% 35-50% 70-85% 87-95% 96-100%

Answer 50

96-100%

Question 51

A patient has been referred for ultrasound evaluation to rule out the presence of a carotid body tumor. Where is this tumor located? at the origin of the CCA lateral to the carotid bifurcation and medial to the sternocleidomastoid at the level of the carotid bifurcation between the ICA and ECA superomedial to the submandibular gland within the sternocleidomastoid muscle, lateral to the carotid bifurcation

Answer 51

at the level of the carotid bifurcation between the ICA and ECA

Question 52

Which of the following is suggestive of malignancy of a solid mass seen on ultrasound? a mass that is taller than it is wide spiculation angular margins markedly hypoechoic solid lesion all of the above

Answer 52

all of the above

Question 53

What constitutes the TDLU in the breast? lobule with its terminal branches, short intralobular and longer extralobular duct Cooper's ligament, areola, and duct lobule, Cooper's ligament, and areola skin, subcutaneous fat, and glandular tissue fatty lobule, retromammary fat, prepectoral fascia, and subcutaneous fat

Answer 53

lobule with its terminal branches, short intralobular and longer extralobular duct

Question 54

You have been asked to determine if a mass seen on mammography in the left breast is solid or cystic. What are the characteristics of a breast cyst by ultrasound? smooth walls, sharp anterior and posterior borders, no internal echoes, posterior enhancement smooth walls, sharp lateral borders, refraction shadowing, posterior enhancement thin walls, sharp lateral borders, no internal echos, posterior shadowing increased posterior attenuation, low-level echoes, minimal color Doppler signal sharp borders in all dimensions, compressibility, no internal echoes, posterior attenuation

Answer 54

smooth walls, sharp anterior and posterior borders, no internal echoes, posterior enhancement

Question 55

You have obtained several images of a breast mass in a radial plane and have determined that the mass is solid. You measures the long axis of the mass. What else should you do? nothing; study is complete obtain resistive and pulsatility indices from arteries within the mass obtain images in a projection 90 degrees to the original scan plane evaluate the mass with both low and high frequency transducers evaluate the compressibility of the mass with probe pressure

Answer 55

obtain images in a projection 90 degrees to the original scan plane

Question 56

You have been asked to perform an ultrasound exam on a patient with recent muscular trauma. Which of the following is true regarding the normal sonographic findings in a muscle? on SAG scans, oblique, parallel, echogenic fibers are seen against a hypoechoic background color Doppler reveals no signals in a normal muscle at rest ultrasound is extremely useful in identifying strained muscles muscle fibers cannot be recognized sonographically all of the above statements are ture

Answer 56

on SAG scans, oblique, parallel, echogenic fibers are seen against a hypoechoic background

Question 57

What is the sonographic appearance of a normal peripheral nerve? markedly hypoechoic structure with scattered bright internal foci striated, hypoechoic, linear structure markedly hyperechoic structure with parallel internal linear echoes homogenous, hyperechoic structure with barbell shape peripheral nerves cannot be detected sonographically

Answer 57

markedly hyperechoic structure with parallel internal linear echoes

Question 58

What is the ultrasound appearance of a tendon? varies greatly by location within the body highly echogenic with fibrillar echotexture markedly hypoechoic and homogenous heterogenous with mixed echodensity cannot be recognized sonographically

Answer 58

highly echogenic with fibrillar echotexture

Question 59

You detect a hypoechoic region within an otherwise normal appearing tendon. What causes false hypoechogenicity within a tendon? use of too much gel between the skin and transducer scanning with the beam perpendicular to the tendon axis oblique incidence of the beam to the tendon axis use of a transducer frequency greater than 10 MHz overuse of receiver gain

Answer 59

oblique incidence of the beam to the tendon axis

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT a sonographic sign of tendinitis? thickening of the tendon absence of vascularity on color Doppler imaging decreased echogenicity blurred margins calcifications in chronic tendinitis

Answer 60

absence of vascularity on color Doppler imaging tendinitis results in creased vascularity on color Doppler

Question 61

You have detected a cyst in a patient referred for sonographic evaluation of a wrist nodule. Which of the following is a cyst that occurs adjacent to a joint? ganglion colloid branchial dermoid hydatid

Answer 61

ganglion

Question 62

A patient has been referred for sonographic evaluation of the rotator cuff. What part of the body should you image? hip elbow wrist shoulder ankle

Answer 62

shoulder

Question 63

What is the correct order of putting on PPE? (mask, gloves, gown, goggles/face shield)

Answer 63

1. gown 2. mask 3. goggles/face shield 4. gloves

Question 64

What is the correct order for removing PPE? (mask, gloves, gown, goggles/face shield)

Answer 64

1. gloves 2. goggles/face shield 3. gown 4. mask

Question 65

on CT scan, lower density tissues appear as ___

Answer 65

darker gray

Question 66

on CT scans, higher density tissue appear as ____

Answer 66

light gray, white