Module 1-3 TBL Questions

Question 1

What is the function of astrocytes?
A) produce myelin
B) remove debris
C) support the BBB
D) sweep CSF through the ventricles

Answer 1

C) support the BBB

Question 2

Which membrane transport allows ions to leak out of a protein down their conc. gradient?

Answer 2

facilitated diffusion

Question 3

What type of transmembrane protein responds to a chemical stimulus?

Answer 3

ligand gated

Question 4

What type of neuron fiber branches off of an axon and maintains the same properties as the axon?

Answer 4

collaterals

Question 5

Which direction does water move with osmosis?

Answer 5

toward an area with high conc. of solutes

Question 6

What are nissl bodies?

Answer 6

cytoplasmic stacks of RER

Question 7

The sodium potassium pump pumps _______ sodium ions out of the cell and ______ potassium ions into the cell each cycle

Answer 7

3, 2

Question 8

How does myelin protein zero assist in the formation of myelin?

Answer 8

it holds schwann cells together

Question 9

Which protein transports substances toward the soma?

Answer 9

dynein

Question 10

What are membrane channel proteins?

Answer 10

structures that allow ions to cross a cell plasma membrane

Question 11

What is the key to regenerating a transected axon?

Answer 11

aligning the stumps

Question 12

What structure is unmyelinated, very slender, and is located at the distal end of the axon?

Answer 12

telodendria

Question 13

Which membrane transport system moves solutes against their conc. gradient?

Answer 13

active transport

Question 14

What type of extracellular fluid will cause a body cell to swell?

Answer 14

hypotonic

Question 15

Which cell differentiates to form a tunnel between transected axon stumps?

Answer 15

schwann

Question 16

Which axoplasmic transport mechanism carries stuff away from the soma?

Answer 16

anterograde

Question 17

Which vesicular protein plays a role in neurotransmitter release?

Answer 17

vSNARE

Question 18

What do schwann cells secrete that assist injured neurons in the repair process?

Answer 18

nerve growth factor

Question 19

Neurotubules are held together by ________ proteins

Answer 19

tau

Question 20

Which ion is most likely to enter a cell through leaky channels down its chemical gradient?

Answer 20

sodium

Question 21

Why can a neuron’s membrane respond to multiple rapid fire local responses?

Answer 21

local responses can summate

Question 22

EPSPs can cause all of the following EXCEPT:
A) move membrane closer to threshold
B) cause hyperpolarization
C) move membrane closer to zero
D) can lead to an action potential

Answer 22

B) cause hyperpolarization

Question 23

What condition moves the resting membrane potential closer to threshold?

Answer 23

hyperkalemia

Question 24

What does a sudden increase of calcium ions in the axon terminal cytoplasm stimulate?

Answer 24

neurotransmitter release

Question 25

Why do cells need to maintain resting membrane potential?

Answer 25

to respond to a stimulus

Question 26

What molecule effects the efflux of K+ through leaky channels?

Answer 26

AAs

Question 27

How does an AP effect a neuron's axon?

Answer 27

it causes the membrane to be more permeable to sodium and potassium

Question 28

What is conduction with decrement?

Answer 28

reduction of depolarization wave

Question 29

What is happening to a neuron when the inside charge of the membrane is moving closer to zero?

Answer 29

depolarizing

Question 30

When can a neuron respond to another action potential?

Answer 30

during the relative refractory period

Question 31

What type of membrane response is caused by a local hyperpolarizing stimulus?

Answer 31

membrane becomes more negative inside

Question 32

What type of potential results from opening chloride channels?

Answer 32

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Question 33

How does an action potential change the membrane potential of an axon?

Answer 33

by changing the membrane potential segment by segment in unmyleinated neurons AND by only changing the membrane potential of the nodes of ranvier in myelinated neurons

Question 34

Why is saltatory conduction faster than conduction in unmyelinated axons?

Answer 34

depolarization only occurs at the nodes of ranvier

Question 35

At rest, a neuron cell's membrane is considered

Answer 35

polarized

Question 36

Arrange the correct order of generating an AP at a chemical synapse and then propagating an AP down the axon

Answer 36

-stimulus -ligand gated channels open -sodium influx -depolarization of the neuron's membrane -threshold is reached at the axon hillock -AP is generated -voltage gated sodium channels open and then voltage gated potassium channels close

Question 37

At rest, the charge just inside a neuron's cell membrane is ____________ and on the outside of the membrane it is ____________ and the conc. of intracellular fluid is high in _______________ ions and low in ____________ ions compared to the extracellular environment

Answer 37

negative, positive, potassium, sodium

Question 38

Which molecule mediates endocytosis of an empty vesicle?

Answer 38

clathrin

Question 39

What happens when clostridium tetani damages vSNAREs?

Answer 39

vesicles cannot bind to presynaptic membrane

Question 40

Calcium binds to this vSNARE to transport vesicles to the presynaptic membrane

Answer 40

synaptotagmin

Question 41

Which type of neurotransmitters are produced in the axon terminal?

Answer 41

small molecules

Question 42

What is an agonstic effect of neuromodulators?

Answer 42

mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter

Question 43

GPCR is what type of receptor?

Answer 43

metabotropic receptor

Question 44

Which receptors are part of a 2nd messenger system?

Answer 44

metabotropic receptor

Question 45

Category of membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through

Answer 45

ionotropic receptor

Question 46

Type of neuron that produces acetylcholine

Answer 46

cholinergic

Question 47

Cholinergic receptor that is always excitatory

Answer 47

nicotinic

Question 48

Glutamate receptor that permits calcium influx

Answer 48

NMDA

Question 49

Receptor that requires both glycine and glutamate to activate

Answer 49

NMDA

Question 50

What type of receptor is found on all autonomic postganglionic neurons?

Answer 50

nicotinic

Question 51

What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Answer 51

glutamate

Question 52

Which adrenergic receptor facilitates ejaculation when activated?

Answer 52

alpha 1

Question 53

Which glutamate receptor is primarily responsible for fast EPSPs?

Answer 53

AMPA

Question 54

Which glutamate receptor is the primary receptor involved in learning?

Answer 54

NMDA

Question 55

Which adrenergic receptor increases heart rate when activated?

Answer 55

beta 1

Question 56

Activation of which glutamate receptor is primarily responsible for dislodging a magnesium ion from an NMDA receptor?

Answer 56

AMPA

Question 57

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Answer 57

GABA

Question 58

How do MAOI drugs effect catecholamines and serotonin?

Answer 58

prevent breakdown of neurotransmitters

Question 59

What is the primary neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 59

NE

Question 60

Which pathway does dopamine have motor control?

Answer 60

nigrostriatal

Question 61

Which enzyme breaks down acetylcholine in the synapse?

Answer 61

acetylcholinesterase

Question 62

What type of receptor is found on most sympathetic target cells/tissues/organs?

Answer 62

adrenergic

Question 63

How does GABA affect a receiving neuron?

Answer 63

makes it more negative inside

Question 64

What action terminates the effect of a neurotransmitter?

Answer 64

removal from the synaptic cleft

Question 65

Prolonged increase of intracellular ____________ leads to long term potentiation which will cause neuroplasticity

Answer 65

calcium

Question 66

Glycine has inhibitory effects except when binding to _______ receptors in the brain

Answer 66

NMDA