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A&P - 1693 > Module 11 - Male Reproduction > Flashcards

Module 11 - Male Reproduction Flashcards

(40 cards)

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1
Q

Male Reproductive Organs

A

Male Reproductive Organs
Testes – production of sperm & androgens
System of ducts
Accessory sex glands
Supporting structure - Penis

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2
Q

System of ducts

A

System of ducts
Ductus epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra

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3
Q

Accessory Sex Glands

A

Accessory sex glands
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands

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4
Q

Scrotum

A

Scrotum
Cutaneous outpouching
Muscular sack – extending from body behind penis
Supports testes within
Outside body for temp regulation
Dartos muscles
Scrotal septum
Cremaster muscles
Raphe

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5
Q

Scrotum - Temp Regulation

A

Outside body for temp regulation – body temp too warm – 2-4C lower

Too cold – brings testes towards pelvic cavity - cremaster muscles

Warm – scrotum relaxes – promotes heat loss – away from pelvic cavity

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6
Q

Scrotum - Dartos Muscle

A

Dartos muscles – subcutaneous muscle layer

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7
Q

Scrotum - Cremaster Muscles

A

Cremaster muscles – 2 – internal oblique muscles of ab wall – cover each testis – muscular net
Regulates temp of testes

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8
Q

Scrotum - Scrotal Septum

A

Scrotal septum – divides into 2 compartments – muscular partition

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9
Q

Scrotum - Raphe

A

Raphe – externally – raised medial thickening on surfaces – base of penis to anus
Fusion line of two compartments

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10
Q

Testes

A

Testes
Male gonads
Produce sperm and androgens – testosterone
Paired ovals – 4-5cm
Housed in scrotum

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11
Q

Testes - Hormones

A

Stim’ed by anterior pituitary gland hormones
Follicle stimulating hormones – Sertoli
Luteinizing – stims Leydig cells

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12
Q

Testes - Surrounding Layers

A

Surrounding layers of connective tissue – protection
Outer tunic vaginalis – serous membrane
Parietal
Thin visceral

Tunic albuginea – tough white, dense connective – covering testes – forms septa
Septa – divides testis into 300-400 lobules

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13
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Seminiferous tubules – within lobules – sperms cells made here
Tightly coiled convoluted tubules

Developing sperm cells – surrounded lumen
Lumen – hollow center of tubule – formed sperm released into duct system

Cells:
Sertoli cells
Germ cells
Leydig cells

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14
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

Sertoli cells – supporting cells – sustentacular cells
Surround all stages of developing sperm cells
Branching
Nourish all germ cells as they differentiate

Produces androgen bind protein

Secrete signaling molecules
Promote sperm production – follicle-stimulating hormone
Control germ cells lifecycle

Control movement and release into lumen

Secrete fluid for sperm transport and hormone inhibin

Extend from germ cells – peripheral basement membrane

Tight junctions – blood-testis barrier

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15
Q

Testes - Sertoli Cells - Blood-testis barrier

A

Tight junctions – blood-testis barrier
Keep bloodborne substances out
Keeps surface antigens on developing sperm from bloodstream
Prevent immune response

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16
Q

Germ Cells

A

Germ cells
Spermatogonia – line basement membrane inside tubule
Stem cells of testis

Spermatogenesis – process of sperm development

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17
Q

Spermatogenesis - Cell differentiation

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A

Primary
Secondary spermatocytes
Spermatids
Sperm

Spermatogenesis – process of sperm development

18
Q

Leydig cells

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A

Leydig cells – spaces b/w seminiferous tubules – Produce and secrete testosterone Luteinizing hormone controls

19
Q

Meiosis

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A

Meiosis
Meiosis – special type of nuclear division
Cell cycle in gonads producing gametes
Gametes – 23 chromosomes – one of each pair to be delivered to female
Reduces 46 chromosomes to 23
Diploid – 46 – complete copy of father’s genetic material
Haploid – 23 – result 4 haploid cells

Mitosis
Cell undergoes two rounds of division
Meiosis I and Meiosis II – phases: PMAT

Result – four haploid daughter cells – spermatids

20
Q

Mitosis - Meiosis

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A

Mitosis – spermatogonia stem cell – single division
Two identical diploid daughter cells
Spermatogonia to primary spermatocyte

21
Q

Meiosis I

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A

Meiosis I – primary spermatocyte to secondary

Prophase I – homologous chromosomes pair and exchange genetic info

Metaphase I – homologous chromosomes line up at equator
Tetrads line up – centers of pairs

Anaphase I – chromosomes move to opposite poles

Telophase I – spilt into two cells

22
Q

Prophase - Crossing Over

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A

Crossing over – shuffles genes b/w non-sister chromatids of homologous (same pattern of genes) chromosomes – genetic recombination – exchange pieces of chromatids

23
Q

Meiosis II

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A

Meiosis II – secondary spermatocyte to spermatid – two cells follow same
Prophase II – chromatin condense

Metaphase II – line at center

Anaphase II – sister chromatids spilt and move to opposite dies

Telophase II – pinch in center and divide

Result – four haploid daughter cells – spermatids

24
Q

Spermatogenesis

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A

Spermatogenesis
in seminiferous tubules

Begins at puberty – constant through man’s life
Produces haploid sperm

Begins with mitosis of diploid spermatogonia – complete copies of father’s DNA
Results – 2 diploid cells
One remains spermatogonium – stem cell
Other – primary spermatocyte – DNA is replicated

Meiosis I – 23 pairs of chromosomes separate
Results – secondary spermatocytes

Meiosis II – each divide – similar to mitosis
Results – 4 haploid cells – Spermatids

Final stage – maturation of spermatids into sperm – reducing cytoplasm – tail development

25
Sperm
Sperm 100-300 million produced daily Wants to fertilize a secondary oocyte 48hr lifespan in woman Head Haploid nucleus – little cytoplasm Acrosome – covering – filled with lysosomal enzymes – help with fertilization Middle Packed with mitochondria – power tail – flagellum Tail Flagellum – tail – produces movement of sperm
26
Hormone Control
Hormones Negative feedback loop – control of testosterone and inhibin Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland – main control center Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stims release from pituitary gland Anterior pituitary gland stims release of Follicle-stimulating Hormone Luteinizing Hormone
27
Follicle-stimulating Hormone
Follicle-stimulating Hormone Binds to Sertoli cells Initiates spermatogenesis Sertoli cells produce Inhibin Regulates rate of spermatogenesis Stims pituitary to slow testosterone secretion
28
Luteinizing Hormone
Luteinizing Hormone Low testosterone in blood stims release of GnRH -hypothalamus Stims pituitary gland to release LH Binds to Leydig cells Stims production of Testosterone Asist w/ spermatogenesis
29
Ductus epididymis
Ductus epididymis – sperm maturity Long very coiled tubule attached to testis Sperm enters the head of epididymis from seminiferous tubules Matures as it travels to the tail Moves sperm by contraction of smooth muscle – cannot move independently till mature
30
Testosterone
Testosterone Growth, development, function Maintenance of sex organs Stim’s bone growth, protein anabolism, sperm maturation Secondary male sex characteristics
31
Ductus (vas) Deferens
Ductus (vas) Deferens – stores sperm Coiled tubule Move it forward for ejaculation Sperm exit tail for epididymis – pushed from contraction To ductus deferens
32
Ductus (Vas) Deferens - Pathway
Pathway Exits scrotum by spermatic cord Contains connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves Extends too inguinal canal – in abdominal wall Weak spot – where spermatic cord passes Ampulla – enlarged end of duct sperm reservoir Units Ampulla of ductus deference w/ seminal vesicles Make Semen Fluid mixture with sperm – fructose – used from sperm mitochondria for ATP – Power to move Ejaculatory duct – ampulla and seminal vesicle unit and turn into Function is ejection of spermatozoa into urethra Urethra – passageway for semen and urine
33
Penis
Penis Organ of copulation (intercourse) - delivers spermatozoa into vagina Flaccid – non-sexual action – urination Erect – sexual action Penis gets dilated by nitric oxide (NO) – causes vasodilation – blood fills the penis Root Body – arteries – corpora cavernosa & cavernosal – 3 columns of erectile tissue – around urethra Glans penis – end – concentration of nerve endings
34
Seminal Vesicle
Seminal Vesicle Secrete alkaline, viscous fluid Neutralize acid in male urethra and female tract Fructose Prostaglandins Clotting proteins
35
Seminal Vesicle - Fructose
Fructose – ATP for sperm – power to move independently
36
Seminal Vesicles - Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins Sperm motility and viability Facilitates uterine contraction during intercourse – influences movement into female tract
37
Seminal Vesicles - Clotting Proteins
Clotting proteins – Semenogelin Coagulation after ejaculation Helps immobilize sperm – glue hold them together – gives them a better change in female tract
38
Prostate Gland
Prostate Gland Secretes milk, slight acidic fluid Citric acid – ATP for sperm Acid phosphate Proteolytic enzymes – liquefy coagulated semen
39
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Gland
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Gland Secretes alkaline mucus for lubrication and acid neutralization
40
Semen - Final Product - ejaculation
Semen – results Mixture of spermatozoa and gland secretions Ejaculation Coagulated w/in 5 minutes – clotting proteins – seminal vesicles 10-20, re-liquified b/c enzymes from prostate

A&P - 1693 (13 decks)

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