Module 2 - Blood

Question 1

Functions

Answer 1

Functions
Transportation
Regulation
Protection

Question 2

Function - Transport

Answer 2

Transportation
Oxygen to body
Cardon dioxide from body to lungs
Nutrients from digestive track
Hormones throughout
Heat – too hot, brings blood to skin to cool it – too cold, brings blood away from skin
Waste from metabolic reactions

Question 3

Function - Regulation

Answer 3

Regulation
Chemical balance – buffer system for pH
Water content of cells
Body temp

Question 4

Function - Protection

Answer 4

Protection
Clotting – platelets
WBCs use phagocytosis – defence against environment – infection, toxins and microbes

Question 5

Components

Answer 5

Plasma – 55%
Fluid where formed elements are suspended
Formed elements – 45%
RBCs – erythrocytes
WBCs – leukocytes
Plt – thrombocytes

Question 6

Plasma

Answer 6

Plasma
Coagulation factors – Platelets & RBCs
Fibrinogen – fibers of blood clot

Question 7

Serum

Answer 7

Plasma – clot = serum
Serum – de-fibrinated plasma – blood removed from vessels - liquid
Blood with no blood cells
Remaining plasma after coagulation
No fibrinogen
Plasma without clotting factors
Not present in circulating blood – needs to sit and have the clots form

Question 8

Hemopoiesis

Answer 8

Hemopoiesis
Blood cell formation
Stim by hematopoietic growth factor hormones – trigger differentiate of pluripotent stem cells
Starts with stem cells – pluripotent hematopoietic cells
Pluripotent spilt into Lymphoid stem cells or Myeloid stem cells
- Hormones
o RBCs – erythropoietin – glycoprotein hormone
o Plts – thrombopoietin – glycoprotein hormone
o WBCs – cytokines – colony- stimulating factors and interleukins

Question 9

Lymphoid stem cells

Answer 9

Lymphoid stem cells – immune response – precursor cells
Differentiate into pre-B and prothymocytes
Differentiate into B-Lymphocytes & T-lymphocytes
B – made in bones
T – made in thymus

Question 10

Myeloid Stem cells

Answer 10

Myeloid – precursor cells for formed bodies of blood – RBCs, WBCs, and Plts
Differentiate into -blast cells

Question 11

Hemopoiesis Hormones

Answer 11

Hormones
RBCs – erythropoietin – glycoprotein hormone
Plts – thrombopoietin – glycoprotein hormone
WBCs – cytokines – colony- stimulating factors and interleukins

Question 12

Red Blood Cells – Erythrocytes

Answer 12

Red Blood Cells – Erythrocytes
Erythropoiesis – forms – in bone marrow – flat & lone
Erythropoietin – hormone – kidneys – stims marrow – regs production of RBCs – helps hypoxia (low O2)
Vitamin B12 – from intestine – synthesis in marrow – maturation of RBCs

Question 13

Erythropoietin

Answer 13

Erythropoietin – hormone – kidneys – stims marrow – regs production of RBCs – helps hypoxia (low O2)

Question 14

RBCs

Answer 14

RBCs – biconcave discs – contain hemoglobin – no nuclei – 120-day life cycle

Question 15

Hemoglobin

Answer 15

Hemoglobin – “heme” – iron – “globin” – protein
oxygen-carrying protein & CO2
hemoglobin + O2 = oxyhemoglobin

Question 16

RBCs Death

Answer 16

RBCs Death – phagocytised by macrophages in spleen – hemoglobin recycled
Globin – split – liver – amino used for protein synthesis
Iron from heme – liver for new RBCs
Rest of heme – becomes waste – bilirubin

Question 17

White Blood Cells – leukocytes

Answer 17

White Blood Cells – leukocytes
Defenses body intern and external
Buffy coat
Nucleated
Made in marrow
Surface proteins – Major Histocompatibility antigens (MHC) – unique to each person – identifying tissue
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

Question 18

Granulocytes

Answer 18

Granulocytes – immune cell with small particles with enzymes – Derived by myeloblast – release chemicals from granules – innate immunity – identify and clear pathogens
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

Question 19

Neutrophils

Answer 19

Neutrophils – neutral – first to arrive – phagocyte – bacterial infections – produce puss

Question 20

Basophils

Answer 20

Basophils – largest – basophilic granules – develop into mast cells (connective tissue) – release chemicals to fight infection & allergic reaction – heparin, histamine, and serotonin

Question 21

Eosinophils

Answer 21

Eosinophils – eosinophilic granules – infections, especially parasites – release chemicals – combat histamine in reactions – wound healing

Question 22

Agranulocytes

Answer 22

Agranulocytes – no granules – protect from disease
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

Question 23

Lymphocytes

Answer 23

Lymphocytes – B & T cells – Adaptive immunity – long life – identify future issues – derived from lymphoid stem cells
B cells
T cells

Question 24

B cells

Answer 24

B cells – response to antigens – B cells differentiate to make antibodies

Question 25

T cells

Answer 25

T cells – destroy foreign invaders – help activate B cells – identify and kill cancerous cells - regulate themselves

Question 26

Monocytes

Answer 26

Monocytes – become macrophages – derived from mono-blast stem cells

Question 27

Platelets – thrombocytes

Answer 27

Platelets – thrombocytes Limit blood loss – hemostasis – platelet plug – granules promote clotting Promote tissue repair and growth Fragments of megakaryocyte – made in marrow – section will squeeze through capillaries – break into thousands of pieces = platelets In buffy coat No nucleus b/c fragment of cell Surrounded by plasma membrane Descend from myeloid stem cells Life cycle – 5 to 9 days – removed by splenic macrophages Found in 1/3 in spleen – storage Peripheral blood

Question 28

Thrombopoietin

Answer 28

Thrombopoietin (TPO) – glycoprotein – kidneys and liver – increase of megakaryoblasts – negative feedback

Question 29

Hemostasis

Answer 29

Hemostasis Stop bleeding – damaged or ruptured blood vessels Localized & controlled

Question 30

Clot

Answer 30

Clot – thrombus – gel w/ fibrin (protein fibers) trap formed elements – platelets and RBCs with mesh of cross-linked fibrin

Question 31

Embolus

Answer 31

Embolus – anything moves by blood away from origin

Question 32

Thrombosis

Answer 32

Thrombosis – Abnormal clotting w/o broken vessel

Question 33

Anticoagulants

Answer 33

Anticoagulants – inhibits coagulation – present in blood

Question 34

Clotting factors

Answer 34

Clotting factors – chemicals released by platelets & damaged tissue

Question 35

Hemostasis - Cascade of reactions

Answer 35

Cascade of reactions – clotting factors – synthesis of fibrin Extrinsic pathway Intrinsic pathway Common pathway

Question 36

Extrinsic pathway

Answer 36

Extrinsic pathway – triggered by trauma

Question 37

Intrinsic pathway

Answer 37

Intrinsic pathway – triggered by internal damage

Question 38

Hemostasis Steps

Answer 38

Steps Vascular spasm Platelet plug formation Coagulation – Clotting – repairs wall of vessel – fibrin comes in and tightens – fibrin mediates connective tissue repair

Question 39

1) Vascular spasm

Answer 39

Vascular spasm – smooth muscle of BVs contract to limit blood

Question 40

2) Platelet plug formation

Answer 40

Platelet plug formation – local platelets form clot – sticky and form with collage – they release chemical, promotes platelets to area – Prothrombin activator to thrombin, controls fibrin

Question 41

3) Coagulation

Answer 41

Coagulation – Clotting – repairs wall of vessel – fibrin comes in and tightens – fibrin mediates connective tissue repair

Question 42

Fibrinolytic System

Answer 42

Dissolved once repaired – fibrinolytic system – proteins contract and tighten fibrin threads – normal flow – gradual degradation

Question 43

Blood Typing

Answer 43

Blood Typing RBCs contain blood group antigens in plasma – Agglutinogens or antigens – foreign cell proteins that trigger an immune response – presences of absences = blood type – flags Blood groups – ABO and Rh

Question 44

ABO

Answer 44

ABO – antigens A and B – flags will attack other flags Types A B AB O

Question 45

A type

Answer 45

A – A flag – antibodies fight B

Question 46

B type

Answer 46

B – A flag – antibodies fight A

Question 47

AB type

Answer 47

AB – A&B flag – no antibodies – universal acceptor

Question 48

O type

Answer 48

O – no flags – fights A & B – only receive O blood – universal donor

Question 49

Rh group

Answer 49

Rh – presence of rhesus factor – flag D Positive – D flag Negative – no D flag – antibodies against D – can’t take positive blood

Question 50

Hemolysis

Answer 50

Hemolysis – RBCs break down – incompatible blood – antibodies from recipient will bind to antigens on donor RBCs – release all hemoglobin into plasma – possible kidney failure