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A&P - 1693 > Module 1 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Module 1 - Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of System

A

Regulates blood composition and volume
Manage stressors
Regulates growth and development
Controls reproductive processes
Balances metabolism and energy
Aid immune function
Contracts muscles and gland secretion

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2
Q

Components

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland - Anterior & Posterior
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Gonads - ovaries & testes

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3
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Exocrine – DUCTS – release their produce into ducts, bringing products to target or body surface – lumen of organ
Sweat
Milk
Digestive enzymes
Mucous – protects respiratory system

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3
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Endocrine – DUCTLESS – release products (hormones) into interstitial fluid/bloodstream – by diffusion
Maintains body functions – growth, metabolism, and repo

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4
Q

Up-regulation

A

Up-regulation – less hormones, # of receptors increases

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5
Q

Down-regulation

A

Down-regulation – Increased hormone, # of receptors will decrease to avoid over stim

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6
Q

Lipid Solubility

A

Lipid Solubility
Receptors – inside cell – fats pass through the bilayer of a cell
Needs carrier protein when exposed to water in bloodstream
Binds to receptor in cytosol or nucleus
Alter gene expression – turn on or off a gene
Types:
Steroid
Thyroid
Nitric ox- ide – relaxes blood vessels, widens increasing blood flow, lowering BP

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7
Q

Water Solubility

A

Water Solubility
Floats in water of blood
Cytoplasmic response and gene expression
Exocytosis to exit cell to go into bloodstream
First Messenger - Receptors on surface of cell – hormone binds
Activates G protein
Secondary messenger – G protein binds to Adenylyl cyclase inside to communicate response
Adenylyl w/ ATP = CAMP
CAMP activates protein kinase
Protein kinase are enzymes that modify proteins within a cell – activates or inactivates processes in cell
Types:
Single amino acid
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Peptides:
Antidiuretic hormones (ADH)
Oxytocin
Proteins:
Insulin
Growth hormone

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8
Q

Hormone Secretion

A

Hormone Secretion
Maintains homeostasis
Prevents overproduction or underproduction – disorder can occur
Controlled by:
Signals of nervous system
Chemical changes in blood
Other hormones

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9
Q

Negative feedback example

A

Negative feedback example
1) Imbalance – low blood conc. of glucocorticoids – senses tell
2) Hormone release – hypo releases CRH
3) Correction – CRH starts cascade – triggers adrenal glands to release glucocorticoid into blood – conc. goes up
4) Negative feedback – sensors tell hypo to stop release of CRN
5) Homeostasis

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10
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamus – master regulator – link between nervous and endocrine systems – in diencephalon in brain – inferior and anterior to thalamus

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11
Q

Pituitary Gland – Hypophysis

A

Pituitary Gland – Hypophysis
Reacts to messages from hypo – divided into anterior and posterior lobes – in hypophyseal fossa of sphenoid bone

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12
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland – adenohypophysis

A

controlled by releasing or inhibiting hormone from hypothalamus – produces 7 hormones that influence homeostasis
Hypophyseal portal system
Human growth hormone (hGH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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13
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A

Hypophyseal portal system – blood supply – nervous tissue in hypothalamus communicates so anterior gland produces hormones – diffuses in to blood supply in gland – separate from body circulation

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14
Q

Human growth hormone (hGH)

A

Human growth hormone (hGH) – promotes protein synthesis (to build) – triggers liver to secretes insulin-like growth factors after breakdown of glycogen into glucose – stimulates growth and regulates metabolism – regulated by GHRH sent by hypothalamus

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15
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) – regulates thyroid gland – stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from hypothalamus

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16
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – females: initiates follicle development and estrogen secretion in ovaries – males: stims sperm production in testes – type of Gonadotropin

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17
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – females; stims estrogen for ovulation and secretion of progesterone – males; stims testes to secrete testosterone – type of Gonadotropin

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18
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

Prolactin (PRL) – milk production – no stim factor – not ejection – dopamine inhibits

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19
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

A

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) – produces and controls glucocorticoids in adrenal glands – stim.ed by Corticotropin

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20
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) – skin pigmentation

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21
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland – neurohypophysis

A

Posterior Pituitary Gland – neurohypophysis
No production
Stores and releases 2 hormones made in hypothalamus
Nervous tissue – axons and terminal – communication with hypothalamus to release or inhibit hormones stored
Oxytocin (OT)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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22
Q

Oxytocin (OT)

A

Oxytocin (OT) – contracts uterus with positive feedback loop in childbirth – controls ejection of milk (let-down)

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23
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – maintains blood osmolarity by controlling water balance – stims reabsorption by kidneys

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24
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland located below larynx around trachea Right and left lobes Mains a level of iodine within tissue Composed of thyroid follicles – secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) & parafollicular cells – secrete Calcitonin (CT) Thyroid hormones – T4 and T3
25
Calcitonin (CT)
Calcitonin (CT) Secretion controlled by level of iodine in gland – influenced by negative feedback with Hypo and ant pituitary gland Calcitonin – lowers blood calcium levels – lower conct. = secretion
26
Thyroid hormones – T4 and T3
Thyroid hormones – T4 and T3 – regulate oxygen use, metabolic rate, cellular metabolism, growth and development – produced in colloid of thyroid cell tissue
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Thyroid hormones – T4 and T3 Steps of production and release
Thyroid hormones – T4 and T3 Steps of production and release: 1) iodine taken up by body becomes Iodide by digestive tract – travels in blood, transported into basal cells of thyroid then diffuses into colloid 2) thyroglobulin synthesis in colloid 3) iodide oxidizes – loses positive charge – by hydroperoxide in colloid 4) Iodide and thyroglobulin bind together – with help of enzyme 5) Produces: T1 – Mono-iodothyronine (MIT) MIT + DIT = T3 T2 – Di-iodothyronine (DIT) DIT X 2 = T4 6) Pinocytosis - secretion from thyroid basal cells into bloodstream 7) Transport in blood
28
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism – overproduction of T4 & T3 = over stim of thyroid gland – Cancer, growths and graves disease
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Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism – underproduction of T4 & T3 – under stim of thyroid gland – destroys tissues of gland
30
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland Located on posterior surface of thyroid gland Superior and inferior parathyroid glands Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH) Works in negative feedback system Increases blood calcium levels Decreases blood phosphate levels Calcitonin opposes PTH
31
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) – regulates Ca+ and P levels Increases blood calcium levels Activates osteoclasts – releases calcium by breaking down bones Inhibits osteoblasts Reabsorption in Kidneys Absorbs from digestive tract Decreases blood phosphate levels Vitamin D – PTH puts more phosphate into urine so vitamin D will increase phosphate reabsorption b/c we need for ATP Calcitonin opposes PTH
32
Pancreas
Pancreas Exocrine and endocrine gland Flat organ posterior & inferior to stomach Managers blood glucose levels – normal: 70-110mg/dL Pancreatic islets / islets of Langerhans – specialized clusters of cells – endocrine Secrets bile for digestion Acini – clusters of cells – enzyme-producing – exocrine
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Pancreatic islets
Pancreatic islets / islets of Langerhans – specialized clusters of cells – endocrine Alpha cells – glucagon Beta cells – insulin Delta cells – somatostatin – inhibits insulin and glucagon release PP cells – pancreatic polypeptide – controls appetite
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Alpha cells
Alpha cells – glucagon
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Beta cells
Beta cells – insulin
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Delta cells
Delta cells – somatostatin – inhibits insulin and glucagon release
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PP cells
PP cells – pancreatic polypeptide – controls appetite
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Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia (high BG) – NEEDS INSULIN to decrease Triggers uptake of glucose from blood Glycogenesis Proteogenic Lipogenesis
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Glycogenesis
Liver stores glucose as glycogen - Glycogenesis
40
Proteogenic
Stops amino acids & free glycerol to glucose – Proteogenic – builds up proteins
41
Lipogenesis
Stores extra as fat – Lipogenesis
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Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia (low BG) – NEEDS GLUCAGON to increase Stops glucose uptake from blood Lipolysis Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis
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Lipolysis
Breaks down fat - Lipolysis
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Glycogenolysis
Stims liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose – Glycogenolysis
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Gluconeogenesis
Stims liver to take in amino acids and free glycerol into glucose – Gluconeogenesis
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Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Glands Superior to kidneys Consist of outer cortex and inner medulla Controlled by hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland “TERONE” – cholesterol – lipid soluble – steroids
47
Outer cortex
Outer cortex – 85% - divided into zones each with different hormones Outer – Zona Glomerulosa – mineralocorticoids - ALDOSTERONE Middle – Zona Fasciculate – glucocorticoids – CORTISOL Inner – Zona Reticularis – Androgens
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Outer – Zona Glomerulosa
Outer – Zona Glomerulosa – mineralocorticoids - ALDOSTERONE Fluid, electrolyte, and mineral balance effects blood pressure and volume increase Na+ and H20 reabsorption decrease P reabsorption renin-angiotensin pathway – communication pathway with kidneys
49
Middle – Zona Fasciculate
Middle – Zona Fasciculate – glucocorticoids – CORTISOL Regulate glucose metabolism – catabolic Breaks down proteins Forms glucose Lipolysis – fat breakdown Resistance to stress Anti-inflammatory Depression of immune response Controlled anterior pituitary Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
50
Inner – Zona Reticularis
Inner – Zona Reticularis – Androgens – Dehydroepiandrosterone Steroid sex hormones ACTH converted into testosterone or estrogen
51
Medulla
Medulla – Chromaffin – neuroendocrine cells – ganglion Epinephrine and norepinephrine Produce stress responses – fast action Direct innervations from ANS – preganglionic fiber synapse Large blood vessels – quick distribution of hormones
52
Gonads
Gonads – Ovaries and Testes Produce gametes/sperm and oocytes/eggs Controlled by pituitary gland – FSH and LH Aromatization – Adam to Eve – get female hormones from male hormones - FSH Ovaries – Pelvic cavity Testes – inside scrotum
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Ovaries
Ovaries – Pelvic cavity Estrogen and progesterone Development Sexual characteristics Repro cycle FSH – follicle maturation LH – ovulation – release ova from follicle Pregnancy - relaxin Lactation Produce inhibin and relaxin
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Female FSH
FSH – follicle maturation
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Female LH
LH – ovulation – release ova from follicle
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Relaxin
maintains pregnancy
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Testes
Testes – inside scrotum Testosterone – LH Development Sexual characteristics FSH – spermatogenesis – creation and maturation of sperm Produce inhibin – inhibits secretion of FSH – reduces spermatogenesis
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Male LH
Testosterone – LH
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Male FSH
FSH – spermatogenesis – creation and maturation of sperm
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Inhibin
Produce inhibin – inhibits secretion of FSH
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Pineal Gland or Epiphysis cerebri
Pineal Gland or Epiphysis cerebri Posterior to thalamus – attached to roof of third ventricle Cells: Pinealocytes – neuroendocrine cells – produce and secretes melatonin Neuroglia Postganglionic sympathetic fibres Internal clock – diurnal rhythms – circadian rhythms Light sensors in retina stim hypothalamus Hypothalamus tells pineal gland to secrete melatonin Released into CSF then passed to bloodstream Light = wakeup – no melatonin Dark – drowsy – melatonin
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Thymus Gland
Thymus Gland Medial to lungs and superior to heart Atrophy with aging Contain thymocytes – T cells Secrete immunity hormones – develop and maturation of T cells – white blood cell Thymosin Thymic humoral-factor Thymic factor Thymopoietin Cortisol lowers functions of T cells – in stress cortisol spikes – immunity lowers
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Thymosin
Thymosin Immunity hormones – develop and maturation of T cells – white blood cell
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Heart
Heart Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) – reduce blood volume, BP, and Na+ concentration Sensors in atrial walls sense high blood volume or pressure
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GI Tract
GI Tract Eat food – glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) – stim pancreas to secrete insulin Gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin – aids digestion and buffer acid in stomach
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Kidneys
Kidneys Renin – stimed when blood flow decreases – tells adrenal cortex to release aldosterone Calcitriol – converted from Vitamin D – helps maintain blood Ca+ levels – aids absorption Erythropoietin – response to low O2 – stims production of RBC in marrow – increase O2 delivery
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Renin
Renin – stimed when blood flow decreases – tells adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
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Calcitriol
Calcitriol – converted from Vitamin D – helps maintain blood Ca+ levels – aids absorption
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Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin – response to low O2 – stims production of RBC in marrow – increase O2 delivery
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Skeleton
Skeleton FGF23 – produced by bone cells b/c increase blood Vit. D or P – triggers kidneys to release calcitriol & increase P excretion Osteocalcin – produced by osteoblasts – stim pancreas Beta cells to increase insulin production
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Adipose Tissue
Adipose Tissue Leptin – metabolism and storage of lipids – tells brain we are full Adiponectin – reduces insulin resistance
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Liver
Liver Insulin-like growth factor-1 – stims growth – specially in bones Angiotensinogen – increase BP Thrombopoietin – platelets – increase blood clotting ability Hepcidin – blocks iron release – stores in for homeostasis
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Alarm Reaction – fight or flight
Alarm Reaction – fight or flight Nerve impulses send from hypothalamus to ANS and adrenal medulla Release of epinephrine or norepinephrine starts response Increase circulation Increased catabolism for energy production Decrease nonessential activities – ex digestion
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Resistance Reaction
Resistance Reaction – shift in energy balance Hypothalamus sends CRH to anterior pituitary gland Increase secretion of ACTH Tells adrenal cortex secrete Glucocorticoids Accelerate catabolism to make energy to combat stress
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Exhaustion
Exhaustion Results from lots of alarm or resistance reactions Causes by a loss of P – its been burned up for ATP and glucose production Adrenals stores of glucocorticoids is used up Possibly death – severe
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Disease
Disease Interleukin-1 (IL-1) – produces macrophages – stims ACTH Stims CRH in hypo Stims ACTH in pituitary gland If low - lowered immune response If low – Inhibits release of GH If low – can’t stim release of prolactin Stress linked to chronic disease GI – gastritis, IBS Heart – hypertension Resp – asthma Nervous – migraine headaches, anxiety and depression

A&P - 1693 (13 decks)

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