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A&P - 1693 > Module 4 - Blood Vessel > Flashcards

Module 4 - Blood Vessel Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of Blood Vessels

A

Types of Blood Vessels
Closed systems to carry blood to and from heart and body tissues
Main role is gas, nutrients, and waste exchange
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins

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2
Q

Lumen

A

Lumen – hollow passage for blood
Arteries – smaller lumen – more pressure
Veins – larger lumen – contains valves to combat less pressure & gravity

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3
Q

Nervi vasorum

A

Nervi vasorum – nerves controlling contraction and dilation

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4
Q

Vasa vasorum

A

Vasa vasorum – gas exchange to nourish vessels

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5
Q

3 tunics

A

Tunic intima (inner) – lining of connective and epithelial – endothelium, lining all to regulate exchange and flow – reduce friction for blood
Tunic media (middle) – smooth muscle cells
Tunic externa (outer) – connective tissue holding position – prevents movement – contains nervi and vasa vasorum – protects and reinforces

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6
Q

Arteries vs Veins Structure

A

Arteries vs Veins Structure
Lumen
Arteries – smaller lumen – more pressure
Veins – larger lumen – contains valves to combat less pressure & gravity

Walls
Arteries – thick walls
Veins – thin walls – less elastic tissue and smooth muscle

Both have 3 tunics
Tunic intima (inner)
Arteries – wavy endothelium
Larger arteries – internal elastic membrane/lamina – gives strength and allows stretch
Veins – smooth endothelium – no elastic – contains valves

Tunic media (middle)
Arteries – elastic & collagen fibers – thickest layer
Larger arteries – external elastic membrane/lamina – wavy lines – not as thick

Tunic externa (outer)
Arteries – thinner except in large – collagen & elastic fibers
Veins – thickest layer – collagen & smooth muscle fibers

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7
Q

Arteries

A

Arteries
carry blood from heart too tissue
branch into smaller arterioles
Elasticity
Contractility

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8
Q

Elasticity

A

Elasticity – accepts blood under pressure

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9
Q

Contractility

A

Contractility – smooth muscle in tunica media – increase and decrease lumen – limit bleed from wounds

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10
Q

Elastic artery

A

Elastic artery – conducting artery
Closer to heart – higher pressure
Thicker tunic media
More elastic tissue – stretchy for surge of blood from contraction – helps manage BP

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11
Q

Muscular artery

A

Muscular artery – distribution arteries
Further away from heart – less pressure
more smooth muscle – affects blood flow

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12
Q

Arterioles

A

Arterioles
smaller arteries – almost microscopic
3 tunics – thinner
deliver blood to capillaries
Sympathetic nerve system innervations
regulates blood flow – change size of lumen
neural and chemical changes
Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation

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13
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Vasoconstriction – decrease size of lumen

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14
Q

Vasodilation

A

Vasodilation – increase size of lumen

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15
Q

Capillaries

A

Capillaries
Microcirculation – flow of blood in capillaries
Microscopic with massive surface area
Site of exchange for body tissue – nutrients and waste
Exchange into interstitial fluid
Single layer of endothelium and basement membrane
Regulate blood pressure
Role in thermoregulation – brings blood closer or further from surface to influence temp
Connected to venules
Capillary bed – Extensive network through tissue

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16
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

Precapillary sphincters – regulate blood to capillaries – rings of smooth muscle on arterioles

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17
Q

Metarteriole

A

Metarteriole – connects arterioles to capillaries – control flow into capillary bed – can act as bypass – thicker vessels

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18
Q

Types of capillaries

A

Types of capillaries – determine substances passing and location
Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoid

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19
Q

Continuous Capillaries

A

Continuous – small pores for water, glucose, hormones, and gases – nervous system, skin, and lungs – average permeability

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20
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A

Fenestrated – large openings – fenestrae – allow nutrients and blood to pass fast – kidneys, small intestine, and endocrine glands – mid permeable

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21
Q

Sinusoid Capillaries

A

Sinusoid– large gaps allow more substances – liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and endocrine glands – most permeable

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22
Q

Capillary Exchange

A

Capillary Exchange
Blood comes in from arterial end – give cells oxygen and nutrients
Into capillary bed
Diffusion
Bulk flow – regulation of volume
Blood leaves from venous end – taking CO2 and waste
2 directions bring in and pushing out
Low blood pressure because it traveled so far from heart – lots of resistance
Hydrostatic blood pressure (CHP)
Osmotic pressure (BCOP)
Net filtration pressure – NFP
Arterial end – net outward push of 10mml
Venous end – net inward pull of – pulling in waste and CO2

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23
Q

Capillary Exchange - Diffusion

A

Diffusion – solute exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid

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24
Q

Capillary exchange - Bulk flow

A

Bulk flow – regulation of volume

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25
Hydrostatic blood pressure (CHP)
Hydrostatic blood pressure (CHP) – outward pushing force on capillaries – capillary BP pushing out nutrients, O2, electrolytes Holes and exchanging changes the pressure – reducing as it travels towards venous
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Osmotic pressure (BCOP)
Osmotic pressure (BCOP) – Inward pulling force Created by cells and structures inside are too big to move out – WBCs, proteins, RBCs, and platelets – attract water Stays same because substances don’t leave
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Net filtration pressure
Net filtration pressure – NFP – force that drives fluid out of capillaries into surrounding tissue space Difference between CHP and BCOP
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Venules
Venules Small vessels connected to veins drain blood from capillaries into veins union with capillaries
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Veins
Veins 3 layer tunics Thinner than arteries – less elastic tissue and smooth muscle Valves More compliant – expend to hold more blood Venoconstriction Pressure generated by contraction of left ventricle – creating movement, new blood is pushing old blood forward Skeletal muscle pump Respiratory pump
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Valves
Valves to prevent back flow – thin flaps endothelium
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Venoconstriction
Venoconstriction – stiffening of veins to promote blood flow Carry blood back to heart
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Skeletal muscle pump
Skeletal muscle pump – contraction of muscle during movement compresses the veins to propel blood towards the heart – valves prevent back flow
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Respiratory pump
Respiratory pump – opening and closing of chest during inhale and exhale increases and decreases pressure allows blood to move and be pushed towards heart
34
Regulation of Blood Flow
Regulation of Blood Flow Volume of blood flowing through any tissue at any time Determined by blood pressure and resistance Blood flows from higher to lower pressure – high resistance = low blood flow Pressure decreases as blood moves further from left ventricle 3 factors of vascular resistance Size of blood vessel lumen Blood viscosity Blood vessel length
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Vascular Resistance - Size of lumen
Size of blood vessel lumen – changes easily with vasodilation and vasoconstriction – neural and chemical signals – vascular tone – contractile state of smooth muscle in vessel – determines resistance and flow
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Vascular Resistance - Blood viscosity
Blood viscosity – formed elements and plasma proteins – thicker = less flow – directly proportional to resistance and inversely proportional to flow
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Vascular Resistance - Blood vessel length
Blood vessel length – proportional to resistance – longer = greater resistance and lower flow – increase of surface area will impede blood flow
38
Baroreceptors
Baroreceptors – sensitive to stretch – ends of afferent nerves are the receptors – channels open to allow ions to depolarize the neuron – stims neuron Carotid artery – carotid sinus – stretch due to blood pressure Pulmonary artery – stretching w/ blood volume Aortic arch – stretch due to blood pressure Right atria – stretching w/ blood volume
39
Chemoreceptors
Chemoreceptors – chemical composition of blood – O2, CO2, H – atrial blood Carotid bodies – glomus cells – measure the O2 and CO2 Aortic bodies
40
Afferent nerves
Afferent nerves – info travels Vagus nerve – receptors on heart Glossopharyngeal nerve – receptors from carotid sinus and bodies
41
Cardiovascular control centers
Cardiovascular control centers – medulla Cardioaccelerator – increase HR Cardioinhibitory – decrease HR Vasomotor – control vessel tone
42
Efferent nerves
Efferent nerves – take instructions Inhibitory – sympathetic Stim – parasympathetic
43
Hormones
Hormones effect blood pressure and blow by altering cardiac output, adjusting volume, and changing vascular resistance
44
Sympathetic impulses
Sympathetic impulses increase HR & contractility Vasomotor tone – moderate state of tonic contraction or vasoconstriction – continues firing of impulses at low rate during resting state – partial constriction
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Autoregulation
Autoregulation – tissue adjust its own blood flow to match demand for O2 and nutrients
46
Pulse
Pulse – alternate expansion and elastic recoil of artery wall with each heartbeat – HR - #/1 min Normal resting – 70-80bpm
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Tachycardia
Tachycardia – rapid pulse - >100bpm
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Bradycardia
Bradycardia – slow pulse - <60bpm
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Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure – pressure on wall of an artery based on left ventricle systole and diastole Sphygmomanometer used to measure on brachial arteries – when you hear first and last pump on meter Normal BP young adult male – 120/80mm Hg 8-10mm Hg less for female
50
Systolic BP
Systolic BP – force of blood at ventricle contraction – first pump - higher
51
Diastolic BP
Diastolic BP – force of blood during ventricular relaxation – last pump – lower
52
Systemic Circulation
Systemic Circulation Largest route – closed-loop supply O2 and nutrients Arteries – Delivery O2 blood from heart – left ventricle Aorta – divided to supply whole body Ascending aorta Arch of the aorta Descending Aorta Veins – Returns CO2 blood to heart – right atrium
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R & L coronary arteries
R & L coronary arteries – O2 blood to heart
54
Brachiocephalic
Brachiocephalic – supplies RIGHT side Right subclavian artery – arm, chest, shoulders, back, and CNS Right common carotid artery External – blood to face, neck, esophagus, and larynx, outer parts of brain Internal – blood to brain – circle of Willis
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Left common carotid artery
Left common carotid artery – LEFT side External – blood to face, neck, esophagus, larynx, and outer parts of brain Internal – blood to brain – circle of Willis
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Left subclavian
Left subclavian – LEFT – upper body
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Descending Aorta
Descending Aorta Thoracic – supplies above diaphragm Abdominal – supplied below diaphragm
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Systemic Circulation - Veins
Veins – Returns CO2 blood to heart – right atrium Superior vena cava – CO2 blood from upper body Inferior vena cava – CO2 blood from lower body Coronary sinus – CO2 blood from heart
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Pulmonary Circulation
Pulmonary Circulation Smaller circuit Takes deoxygenated blood from heart into lungs for gas exchange Oxygenation of blood within lungs CO2 blood comes into Right Atrium to Ventricle and pumped towards heart O2 blood from lungs drains into Left Atrium to be pumped to body tissue Lungs Pulmonary veins Left Atrium Low resistance – less pressure needed
60
Path of Pulmonary Circulation
CO2 blood comes into Right Atrium to Ventricle and pumped towards heart Right Ventricle Pulmonary trunk – divided left and right Left Pulmonary arteries – left lung Right Pulmonary arteries – right lung Branch to pulmonary capillaries – gas exchange with lung alveoli
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Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary arteries – larger diameter, thinner walls, and less elastic tissue
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Coronary sinus
Coronary sinus – drains into right atrium with CO2 blood from heart
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Hepatic Portal Circulation
Hepatic Portal Circulation Abdominal aorta brings blood to GI structures - branch off to organs Process of sending blood to liver via hepatic portal vein – all blood drains into liver – nutrient rich, O2 poor blood 2 capillary networks Liver – gets O2 blood from hepatic artery from coeliac GI Tract
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Hepatic Circulation Abdominal Aorta - 3 main arteries
Abdominal aorta brings blood to GI structures – 3 main arteries – branch off to organs Coeliac – liver (hepatic artery), spleen, stomach Superior mesenteric – pancreas, sm. intestine, colon Inferior mesenteric – colon Enables nutrient utilization and blood detox
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Hepatic circulation - Liver function
Liver – filters and processes blood Storage area for nutrients Removes harmful substances Returns nutrient dense blood
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Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic portal vein – blood to liver from organs
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Hepatic veins
Hepatic veins – blood from liver to inferior vena cava
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Fetal Circulation
Fetal Circulation Placenta – site of gas exchange for fetus Two umbilical arteries One umbilic vein Fetal lungs are nonfunctional – placenta replaces Ducts close at birth – lungs become functional on their own – change of pressure – therefore heart starts pumping normally Dustus Venosus Foramen ovale Ductus arteriosus
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Placenta Function
Placenta – site of gas exchange for fetus Organ supply O2 and nutrients to a fetus Removes waste
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Two umbilical arteries
Two umbilical arteries – CO2 blood out – become medial umbilical ligaments
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One umbilic vein
One umbilic vein – O2 blood in – becomes ligamentum tere
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Dustus Venosus
Dustus Venosus – liver bypass – nutrients from mom – becomes ligamentum venosum
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Foramen ovale
Foramen ovale – R ventricle bypass – O2 blood from R atrium goes to L atrium – becomes fossa ovalis
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Ductus arteriosus
Ductus arteriosus – lung bypass – becomes ligamentum arteriosum
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Fetal Circulation - Pathway
Blood travels Placenta via umbilical vein Liver – dustus venosus Inferior vena cava Right atrium Foramen ovale Left atrium Left Ventricle Aorta Body tissue Superior vena cava Right ventricle Ductus arteriosus – skips lungs Umbilical artery Placenta
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Hypertension
Hypertension Persistent high blood pressure
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Hypertension - Prehypertension
b/w Systolic 120-140mm Hg Diastolic 80-90mm Hg
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Hypertension - stage 1
b/w Systolic 140-160mm Hg Diastolic 90-100mm Hg
79
Hypertension - Stage 2
Systolic >160mm Hg Diastolic >100mm Hg

A&P - 1693 (13 decks)

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