Module 12 - Development and Inheritance Flashcards

Question

Mesoderm

Answer 1

Mesoderm – main body – support structures and muscle Push in b/w layers of bilaminar disc Skeleton, muscles, connective tissue, heart, blood vessels, and kidneys

Answer 2

Endoderm – inside stuff Replace hypoblasts Epithelial lining of GI tract, liver, pancreas, and lungs

Answer 3

Placenta - Functions Secretes – hCH, estrogen & progesterone – maintain and stim development Oxygen and CO2 transport – lungs Blood doesn’t mix – acts as a blood filter – no cells pass – placental membrane Stores nutrients – carbohydrates, proteins, Ca+, Iron Excretes and filters waste Mediates diffusion of glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals Protection – Microorganism and viruses cannot cross but drugs & alcohol pass

Answer 4

Developed by 3rd month – formed by chorion and part of endometrium (decidua basalis) Syncytiotrophoblasts form chorionic membrane – envelops conceptus – invades uterine walls Chorionic villi

Answer 5

Chorionic villi – finger projections – fetal portion – root in endometrium – separation from mom Ample surface area 4 exchange b/w mom & baby

Answer 6

Umbilical cord – vascular connection from placenta to fetus Two umbilical arteries – deoxygenated fetal blood to placenta One umbilical vein – Oxygenated blood from placenta to baby Mucous connective tissue (Wharton’s jelly)

Answer 7

Fetal Period Weeks 9-38 (birth) Cell growth and differentiation Sexual differentiation Fetal Circulatory System Growth of Organ Systems

Answer 8

Fetal Circulatory System Integrated with placenta via umbilical cord Receives O2 and nutrients from placenta Circulatory system needs reconfiguration at birth Shunts

Answer 9

Shunt – circulatory shortcut that diverts flow of blood from one region to another Shunts are not needed after birth

Answer 10

Ductus Venosus Shunt – bypass immature liver Liver is semi functional – doesn’t need much blood O2 blood flows from umbilical vein towards inferior vena cava – bypasses liver – towards heart Becomes ligamentum venosum

Answer 11

Foramen Ovale – lung bypass Fetal lungs non-functional – placenta regulates O2 and CO2 Allows O2 blood in right atrium to left atrium Mixes with now CO2 blood returning from pulmonary circuit Blood moves into left ventricle – pumped into aorta Avoids pulmonary trunk Becomes fossa ovalis

Answer 12

Ductus Arteriosus – away from lungs to aorta Blood from right ventricle to aorta Within pulmonary artery – diverts a portion of blood into aorta Becomes ligamentum arteriosum

Answer 13

3-4 months – Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen Maintain uterine lining Prevents ovulation – suppress FSH and LH Preps mammary glands to secrete milk Placenta takes over – corpus luteum degrades Secrets estrogen, progesterone, hGH, and relaxin

Answer 14

Estrogen Suppresses FSH and LH Induces growth of fetal tissue Regulates progesterone produce and triggers synthesis of cortisol Helps with maturation of lungs, liver, and endocrine organs Stims maternal tissue growth Uterine enlargement Mammary duct expansion and branching

Answer 15

Relaxin Preps mom’s body for birth Increases elasticity of symphysis pubis joint and pelvic ligaments Allows expansion for birth Dilates cervix during labour

Answer 16

Progesterone Suppresses FSH and LH Inhibits uterine contractions – no premature birth – protection Decreases later – allows contractions for labour

Answer 17

hPL – human placental lactogen breast development protein anabolism catabolism of glucose and fatty acids

Answer 18

CRH – Corticotropin-releasing hormone Clock – establishes time of birth

Answer 19

Anterior pituitary gland enlarges Ramps up hormone production – increases hormone levels Thyrotropin Prolactin ACTH – adrenocorticotropic hormone Parathyroid hormone increases

Answer 20

Thyrotropin – increase thyroid hormone – increases mom’s metabolic rate

Answer 21

Prolactin – stims mammary gland enlargement

Answer 22

ACTH – adrenocorticotropic hormone – stims maternal cortisol section Contributes to fetal protein synthesis

Answer 23

Parathyroid hormone increases – mobilizes calcium from maternal bones for fetal use

Answer 24

Maternal Anatomic and Physiological Changes Weight gain Increase protein, fat, mineral storage Breast enlargement Lower back pain – pressure – organs moving Cardiovascular changes Increase appetite Nausea, vomiting, heart burn, motility decreases Urinary Pressure increases frequency and urgency Glomerular filtration rate increases – increased blood and filter needs

Answer 25

Cardiovascular changes Increases stroke volume, cardiac output, and blood volume Needs to increase volume for baby Stroke and output – combat pressure increase at placenta Pulmonary function increases Expels more CO2 from baby’s waste Needs more O2 for baby

Answer 26

Labour – process of expelling fetus from uterus through vagina Parturition – giving birth Progesterone levels plateau and allow for uterine contractions

Answer 27

Braxton Hicks contractions – irregular peristaltic contractions – false labour

Answer 28

True labour – stretching of myometrium and cervix – fetus head down – stims uterine contractions

Answer 29

Stages of Birth Dilation of cervix Expulsion of fetus Delivery of placenta – after birth

Answer 30

Dilation of cervix – Onset labour to complete dilation Amniotic membranes rupture – water breaks – pressure form fetal head – moves down Fully dilated – 10cm Longest stage – 6-12 hrs

Answer 31

Expulsion of fetus – Complete cervical dilation to delivery Fetal head enters birth canal Ends with baby out

Answer 32

Delivery of placenta – after birth Placenta expelled by uterine contractions Contractions also constrict blood vessels inside – reducing hemorrhage risk

Answer 33

Genetics – branch of biology that deals with inheritance

Answer 34

Inheritance Passing of hereditary traits from one generation to another

Answer 35

Diploid number (2n) 1 chromosome in each pair comes from mom and dad

Answer 36

Karyotype – systematic arrangement 1-23

Answer 37

Gene – section of DNA in specific location on a chromosome that contains information that determines a trait

Answer 38

Genotype – complete genetic makeup

Answer 39

Phenotype – characteristics that genes express – punnet square Physical, behavioural, and biochemical Genomic imprinting – phenotype is very different Influenced by alleles of genes present, other genes and environ.

Answer 40

Homologous chromosomes Make up complementary pair – same gene characteristics in same location on chromosomes Two chromosomes in a pair, contain genes that control same trait

Answer 41

Heterozygous Different genes on homologous chromosomes – different traits Two different versions of the same gene from each parent – W or w

Answer 42

Dominant gene – W – masks another – trait expressed both in homozygous and heterozygous form – only need a single copy – Ww

Answer 43

Incomplete dominance – genetic pattern where two alleles blend to create new phenotype – Red and white = pink

Answer 44

Recessive gene – w – trait only expressed in homozygous form – masked in heterozygous form – must have two copies – ww

Answer 45

Allele – one copy of gene inherited from each parent – may very in complementary pairs two genes coding same trait, in some position on homologous chromosomes

Answer 46

Multiple-allele inheritance – gene has more than two alternate forms ABO blood groups & Hair colour – brown, blonde, or red

Answer 47

Polygenic inheritance Inherited trait combines effects – Skin colour

Answer 48

Mutation – permanent heritable change – different and new effect multiple-allele inheritance

Answer 49

Sex chromosomes – 23 – determines sex – most traits on here – gender linked genes Females – XX Males – XY Males control sex by sending either X or Y in haploid cell of sperm Responsible for gender and some nonsexual traits

Answer 50

Autosomal chromosomes 22 of 23 pairs – homologous chromosomes look alike and have same appearance in males and females Carries 100s-1000s of genes, each code for assembly of particular protein Genes are expresses as proteins

Answer 51

Sex-linked or X-linked Traits Some genes appear on X chromosomes and not on Y Sex-linked or X-linked traits X chromosome is longer so it holds more genes

Answer 52

Males Bipotential gonads into testis and epididymis Mullerian duct degenerates Wolffian ducts become ductus deferens Cloaca becomes urethra and rectum

Answer 53

Female Bipotential gonads into ovaries Wolffian ducts degenerate Mullerian ducts become uterine tubes and uterus Cloaca divides into vagina, urethra and rectum

Module 12 - Development and Inheritance Flashcards

(77 cards)