Module 6 - Respiratory Flashcards

Question

Type I Alveoli Cells

Answer 1

Type I alveoli cells Simple squamous epithelial cells Attached to thin, elastic basement membrane Respiratory membrane – Borders endothelial membranes of capillaries Highly permeable to gas

Answer 2

Type II Alveolar cells Secrete pulmonary surfactant Phospholipids and proteins Reduce tension – prevent collapse

Answer 3

Alveolar macrophages – dust cells – roaming Removed debris and pathogens

Answer 4

Respiratory membrane – alveolar-capillary membrane – simple diffusion O2 picked up by blood CO2 release into air of alveoli

Answer 5

Lungs Gas exchange – large epithelial surface – highly permeably to gas Pyramid-shaped – apex top Connected to trachea by R & L bronchi From diaphragm to slightly superior clavicles Lie against ribs Enclosed in pleura – attached to mediastinum Double blood supply Pulmonary circulation – blood enters through pulmonary arteries Systemic circulation – bronchial arteries

Answer 6

Lungs enclosed in pleura – attached to mediastinum Serous membrane R & L 2 layers Visceral – on lungs Pleural cavity – b/w layers – pleural fluid – lubricate to reduce friction – maintain position – adhesive to enlarge with thoracic wall at inhale Parietal – attached to thoracic cavity

Answer 7

Right Lung – short and wider 3 lobes separated by 2 fissures Superior Middle Inferior

Answer 8

Left Lung – smaller volume 1 fissure and Cardiac notch Cardiac notch – indent to make space for heart 2 lobes Superior Inferior

Answer 9

Bronchopulmonary segments – division of a lobe – secondary bronchi branch into tertiary – supply segments of lung Each segment has lobules – contain lymphatics, arterioles, venules, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli

Answer 10

Pulmonary Ventilation Process of gas exchange – breathing Pressure gradient & muscle contraction Inspiration Expiration

Answer 11

Inspiration – air in – depended on pressure change Diaphragm contracts – lungs expand making room for air – pulls down – increase volume External Intercostal muscles – increase size of thorax – contract up and out Expansion – Alveolar (intrapulmonary) pressure is below atmospheric pressure at muscle contraction – space for new air

Answer 12

Forced inspiration – accessory muscles Sternocleidomastoids Scalene Pectoralis minor

Answer 13

Expiration – air out – high pressure Alveolar pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure Relaxation – diaphragm and intercostal muscles – decreases volume Elastic recoil – chest wall and lungs snap back Increases intrapleural pressure (pressure of air in lungs) – lungs and chest are too full Decreases lung volume Increases alveolar pressure – air must move out Inward pull – alveolar fluid

Answer 14

Forced expiration – contraction of internal intercostal and ab muscles – tighten ribs

Answer 15

Compliance – ease of expansion – lungs and thoracic wall – fluid issues will decrease

Answer 16

Resistance – bronchi to bronchioles

Answer 17

Pulmonary air volume during ventilation Tidal - resting breathing Inspiratory Reserve – deep inhale – 3100ml Expiratory Reserve – forced exhale – 1200ml Residual volume – air left after exhale – 1200ml

Answer 18

Tidal – air enters during quiet breathing (at rest) – 500ml 70% reaches alveoli Anatomic dead space– remainder in trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Answer 19

Pulmonary Lung Capacities – sum of two+ volumes Inspiratory Functional residual Vital capacity Total lung capacity

Answer 20

Inspiratory – max air, past tidal – 3600ml Tidal + inspiratory reserve

Answer 21

Functional residual – air remaining after tidal expiration – 2400ml Expiratory + residual volume

Answer 22

Vital capacity – air able to move in and out – 4800ml Tidal + Inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve

Answer 23

Total lung capacity – sum of all lung volumes – total air at forced inhale – 6000ml Sum of all volumes

Answer 24

Eupnea – normal variation – breathing rate and depth

Answer 25

Tachypnea – rapid breathing rate

Answer 26

Dyspnea – painful or difficulty breathing

Answer 27

Costal breathing – intercostal and external costal needed – increase ventilation – exercise

Answer 28

Diaphragmatic breathing – contracting and relaxing diaphragm – changing lung volume

Answer 29

Gas Laws Pressure – gas molecules exert form on surfaces Partial pressure – press of 1 molecule in a mixture Total pressure – sum of all partial pressures in a mixture

Answer 30

Daltons law Sum of total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the partial pressure of individual gases Specific gases in a mixture exert their own pressure Other gases wont effect this

Answer 31

Boyle’s Law – volume and pressure inversely affected Volume increases, pressure decreases Volume decreases, pressure increases

Answer 32

Henry’s Law – behaviour of gases with liquids Concentration of gas in liquid is proportional to solubility and partial pressure of gas Higher partial pressure = increase gas molecules dissolved in liquid

Answer 33

External & Internal Respiration Simple diffusion – no energy needed Pressure gradient – high pressure to low pressure Solubility and weight are factors

Answer 34

Internal – exchange of gases b/w blood and tissue – cellular level Cells take O2 and release CO2 – diffusion Oxygenated blood into deoxygenated blood

Answer 35

External – exchange of gases b/w lungs and blood – alveoli of lungs Partial pressure difference in O2 and CO2 b/w alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries O2 moves from the air into blood and CO2 moves from blood into air Across respiratory membrane – dissolved in to plasma and picked up by RBCs

Answer 36

Oxygen transport O2 dissolved into plasma (1.5%) Hemoglobin – O2 binds to iron “heme” X4 per molecule – oxyhemoglobin (98.5%)

Answer 37

Hemoglobin – O2 binds to iron “heme” X4 per molecule – oxyhemoglobin (98.5%) Dictated by partial pressure of O2 – greater PO2 – more O2 will bind Saturation – all hemoglobin full = 4O2 O2 will split off hemoglobin once at tissue and diffuse across membranes Temp effects – high temp increase splitting Acid environment – low pH – O2 splits easily – more H+ Hydrogen from CO2 reaction wants to bind – O2 splits off

Answer 38

Carbon Dioxide Transport Carbaminohemoglobin – CO2 binds to hemoglobin (23%) Blood plasma – dissolved CO2 into bloodstream (7%) Bicarbonate ions – (70%)

Answer 39

Bicarbonate ions – (70%) CO2 converts to maintain the ionic balance of plasma Binds with water Splits to make bicarbonate ions and H+

Answer 40

Control of Respiration Brain stem – sends impulses to respiratory muscles Medulla – controls rhythm Chemoreceptors – monitor levels of CO2 and O2 – tell medulla Inflation reflex – protects lungs over-inflation – stretch receptors

Answer 41

Medulla – controls rhythm Doral respiratory group – DRG – inspiratory – rhythm Ventral respiratory group – VRG – expiratory – forced exhale

Answer 42

Doral respiratory group – DRG – inspiratory – rhythm Stimulates diaphragm & intercostal muscles to contract – basal breathing rate

Answer 43

Ventral respiratory group – VRG – expiratory – forced exhale Accessory muscle stimulation contraction

Answer 44

Chemoreceptors – monitor levels of CO2 and O2 – tell medulla Central – medulla Respond to H+ or CO2 in CSF Peripheral – walls of system arteries Respond to H+, CO2, and O2 in blood

Answer 45

Other factors Severe deficiency of O2 – activates central receptors and respiratory centre Exercise – O2 need – proprioceptors in joints and muscles activate inspiratory centre – increases ventilation BP, temp, pain, stretching of anal sphincter, limbic system, irritation of mucosa in resp

Answer 46

Abnormal Resistance Asthma inflammation and edema of airways bronchospasms excessive mucus secretion occluding airways

Answer 47

Abnormal Resistance Bronchitis Chronic inflammation of airways – irritant – coats cilia

Answer 48

Abnormal Compliance Sleep Apnea Central sleep apnea – brain doesn’t trigger contraction and intercostal muscles to contract when CO2 increase

Answer 49

Abnormal Compliance Respiratory Distress Syndrome Insufficient production of pulmonary surfactant – prevents lungs from inflating

Answer 50

Abnormal Compliance Pneumonia fluid in the lungs Acute infection of alveoli – gas exchange becomes impaired

Answer 51

Abnormal Compliance Emphysema Air trapped in lungs – loss of alveolar wall elasticity

Answer 52

Abnormal Compliance Abnormal Resistance COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Airflow in and out diminished Alveolar and airway inflammation Both emphysema and bronchitis

Module 6 - Respiratory Flashcards

(76 cards)