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Anatomy & Physiology > Module 11: The Special Senses > Flashcards

Module 11: The Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

First-order neurons

A

Sensory neurons that conduct impulses from the PNS into the CNS

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2
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Bare dendrites

Pain, thermal, tickle, itch, some touch sensations

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3
Q

Encapsulated nerve endings

A

Dendrites enclosed in connective tissue capsule

Pressure, vibration, some touch sensations

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4
Q

Separate cells

A

Receptor cells synapse with first-order sensory neurons

Located in retina, inner ear, and taste buds

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5
Q

Meissner corpuscles (corpuscles of touch)

A

Capsule surrounds mass of dendrites in dermal papillae of hairless skin
Touch, pressure, slow vibrations
Rapid adaptation

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6
Q

Hair root plexuses

A

Free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicles in skin
Touch
Rapid adaptation

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7
Q

Merkel (tactile) discs (type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor)

A

Saucer-shaped free nerve endings make contact with Merkel cells in epidermis
Touch and pressure
Slow adaptation

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8
Q

Ruffini corpuscles (type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor)

A

Elongated capsule surrounds dendrites deep in dermis and in ligaments and tendons
Stretching of skin
Slow adaptation

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9
Q

Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles

A

Oval, layered capsule surrounds dendrites
Present in dermis and subcutaneous layer, submucosal tissues, joints, periosteum, some viscera
Pressure and fast vibrations
Rapid adaptation

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10
Q

Itch and tickle receptors

A

Free nerve endings in skin and mucous membranes

Both slow and rapid adaptation

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11
Q

Warm receptors and cold receptors

A

Free nerve endings in skin and mucous membranes of mouth, vagina, anus
Initially rapid, then slow adaptation

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12
Q

Nociceptors

A

Free nerve endings in every body tissue except brain
Pain
Slow adaptation

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13
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Sensory nerve endings wrap around central area of encapsulated intrafusal muscle fibers within most skeletal muscles
Muscle length
Slow adaptation

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14
Q

Tendon organs

A

Capsule encloses collagen fibers and sensory nerve endings at junction of tendon and muscle
Muscle tension
Slow adaptation

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15
Q

Joint kinesthetic receptors

A

Pacinian corpuscles, Raffini corpuscles, tendon organs, and free nerve endings
Joint position and movement
Rapid adaptation

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16
Q

Taste buds consist of:

A

Supporting cells
Gustatory receptor cells
Basal cells

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17
Q

Two nerves that carry impulses from taste buds on the tongue

A

Cranial nerve VII – facial nerve

Cranial nerve IX – glossopharyngeal nerve

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18
Q

Nerve that carries impulses from taste buds in the epiglottis and the lower pharynx

A

Cranial nerve X – vagus nerve

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19
Q

Taste impulse travel pathway

A

Cranial nerve VII, IX and X -> medulla oblongata -> thalamus -> gustatory cortex in the insula of the brain for
interpretation

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20
Q

Lobe that interprets olfactory information

A

Temporal lobe

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21
Q

Orbicularis oculi muscle and corrugators muscle

A

Under the eyebrow

Reflex responses

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22
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A

Consists of the lacrimal gland and tear ducts

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23
Q

Lacrimal gland

A

Size and shape of an almond
Secretes lacrimal fluid (tears), which flows across the surface of the eye toward the nose
Tears drain through small openings called lacrimal puncta into the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct
Nasolacrimal ducts eventually empty into the nasal cavity

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24
Q

Lacrimal fluid

A

Tears moisten, lubricate, and cleanse the surface of the eye

Contain lysozyme to destroy bacteria and prevent infection

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25
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles

A

Muscles within the orbit to anchor the eye in place

26
Q

Superior rectus

A

Rolls the eye upward

27
Q

Inferior rectus

A

Rolls the eye downward

28
Q

Lateral rectus

A

Turns the eye outward

29
Q

Medial rectus

A

Turns the eye inward

30
Q

Superior oblique

A

Rotates the eye medially

31
Q

Inferior oblique

A

Rotates the eye laterally

32
Q

Three layers of the eye

A

Fibrous layer
Vascular layer
Inner (nervous) layer

33
Q

Fibrous layer of the eye

A

Outermost layer

Consists of the sclera and the cornea

34
Q

Cornea

A

The “window of the eye”
Transparent
Helps focus light rays entering the eye

35
Q

Vascular layer of the eye

A

Middle, thin layer

Consists of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris

36
Q

Choroid

A

Highly vascular, brown pigmented layer located between the sclera and the retina in the posterior portion of the eye
Pigment absorbs excess light rays that might interfere with vision

37
Q

Ciliary body

A

Ciliary processes within the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor
Ciliary muscles change the shape of the lens

38
Q

Inner (nervous) layer of the eye

A

Also called the retina
Found only in the posterior portion of the eye
Light-sensitive layer consisting of sensory receptive cells called rods and cones

39
Q

Rods

A

120 million in each retina
Function in dim light
Do not detect fine detail or color
Detect motion

40
Q

Cones

A

6.5 million in each retina
Function in bright light
Detect fine detail
Responsible for color vision

41
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Located in front of the lens in the anterior chamber (cavity)
Continually produced by the ciliary body
Also drains continually through the canals of Schlemm
Maintains intraocular pressure, thus helping the anterior portion of the eye hold its spherical shape
Provides nourishment for the cornea

42
Q

Vitreous humour

A

Located behind the lens in the posterior chamber (cavity)
Formed during the embryonic stage and lasts a lifetime
Supports the eyeball
Pushes the retina against the choroid layer, ensuring that the retina receives a good supply of blood

43
Q

Light pathway

A

Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humour, retina, neurons, optic disk, optic nerve, optic chiasma, occipital lobe

44
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness (the inability to focus on nearby objects)
Light rays focus behind the retina
Usually caused by an eyeball that is too short

45
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness (inability to focus on distant objects)
Light rays focus in front of the retina
Usually caused by an eyeball that is too long

46
Q

Glaucoma

A

Caused by intraocular pressure when the drainage of aqueous humor has been blocked
The damage may eventually lead to blindness

47
Q

Outer ear

A

Pinna (auricle) and auditory canal
Secretes cerumen (earwax), which is produced by the
ceruminous glands (modified sweat glands)
Cerumen guards the ear against the entrance of foreign materials

48
Q

Pinna

A

Cartilaginous flap

Leads into the external auditory canal and ends at the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

49
Q

Auditory canal

A

Filled with air and lined with fine hairs

50
Q

Middle ear

A

Small air-filled chamber that contains the tympanic membrane, ossicles, and the phyaryngotympanic tube (formerly called Eustachian tube)

51
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Composed of connective tissue, nerve tissue, and blood vessels
Separates the outer ear from the middle ear

52
Q

Ossicles

A

Three small bones called the malleus, incus, and stapes

53
Q

Malleus

A

Hammer

54
Q

Incus

A

Anvil

55
Q

Stapes

A

Stirrup

56
Q

Pharyngotympanic tube

A

Auditory tube
Connects the middle ear to the pharynx (throat)
Equalizes the pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane by permitting air to pass (by swallowing or yawning) from the throat into the middle ear

57
Q

Inner ear

A

Also called the labyrinth
Intricate system of passageways hollowed out of the temporal bone
Bony labyrinth, which contains a fluid called perilymph
Membranous labyrinth, which contains a fluid called endolymph

58
Q

Cochlea

A

Hearing
Shaped like a snail
Contains the receptors (“hair” cells that look like cilia) for hearing in the organ of Corti, which transmit sound waves to the brain for interpretation via the auditory nerve

59
Q

Vestibule

A

Means cavity or space
Between the semicircular canals and the cochlea
Balance (equilibrium)
Contains the utricle and saccule

60
Q

Utricle and saccule

A

Membranous sacs that contain hair cells that are moved by gravity as the position of the head changes
Monitors static equilibrium
Responds to linear or vertical acceleration

61
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Consist of three oval-shaped canals that contain receptors that detect motion
Balance (equilibrium)
Contain hair cells (receptors)
Monitors dynamic equilibrium
Responds to rotation or angular movements

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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