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Anatomy & Physiology > Module 8: The Muscular System > Flashcards

Module 8: The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Fascia

A

Dense sheet or broad band of irregular connective tissue
Lines the body wall and limbs
Supports and surrounds muscles and other organs

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2
Q

Three layers of connective tissue extending from fascia

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
All three may extend to form a tendon

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3
Q

Epimysium

A

Dense, irregular connective tissue

Encircles entire muscle

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4
Q

Perimysium

A

Dense, irregular connective tissue
Surrounds groups of 10-100+ muscle fibres
Separates fibres into bundles

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5
Q

Fascicles

A

Bundles of 10-100+ muscle fibres separated by perimysium

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6
Q

Endomysium

A

Mostly reticular fibers
Penetrates the interior of each fascicle
Separates individual muscle fibers

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7
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane of muscle fibres

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8
Q

Myofibrils

A

Consist of myofilaments

Make up muscle fibres

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9
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

Encircle each myofibril
Stores calcium
Similar to the endoplasmic reticulum of other cell types

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10
Q

Myofilaments

A

Involved in contraction

Thick and thin

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11
Q

Thick filaments

A

Made of myosin

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12
Q

Thin filaments

A

Made of actin

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13
Q

T tubules (transverse tubules)

A

Infolding of the sarcolemma that carries the

nerve stimulus into the muscle fibre

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14
Q

5 levels of organization in skeletal muscle

A 
Skeletal muscle
Fascicle
Muscle fiber (cell)
Myofibril
Myofilaments
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15
Q

Terminal cisterns

A

Dilated end scars of the SR
On both sides of the transverse tubule
Release Ca2+ to trigger muscle contraction

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16
Q

Z disc

A

Narrow, plate-shaped regions of dense protein material

Separate sarcomeres

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17
Q

A band

A

Darker middle part of the sarcomere

Extends entire length of thick filaments

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18
Q

I band

A

Lighter, less dense
Contains thin filaments but no thick
Z disc passes through the center

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19
Q

Zone of overlap

A

At end of A band where thick and thin filaments overlap

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20
Q

H zone

A

Narrow
At centre of A band
Thick filaments but no thin

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21
Q

M line

A

Middle of sarcomere
At centre of H zone
Proteins that hold thick filaments together

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22
Q

Three proteins that build myofibrils

A

Contractile
Regulatory
Structural

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23
Q

Two contractile proteins in muscle

A

Actin and myosin

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24
Q

Myosin

A

Main component of thick filaments
Motor protein in all three types of muscle tissue
Holds thick filaments in alignment at M line

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25
Q

Actin

A

Main component of thin filaments

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26
Q

Two regulatory proteins

A

Tropomyosin and troponin

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27
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Covers myosin-binding sites in actin when muscle is relaxed

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28
Q

Troponin

A

Hold tropomyosin strands in place

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29
Q

Titin

A

Large structural protein
Spans half a sarcomere (connects Z disc to M line)
Elasticity and extensibility

30
Q

α-actinin

A

Structural protein in Z disc

Bind to actin and titin

31
Q

Myomesin

A

Structural protein in M line
Bind to titin
Connect adjacent thick filaments

32
Q

Nebulin

A

Long, nonelastic structural protein

Wrapped around thin filaments to anchor them to Z disc

33
Q

Dystrophin

A

Structural protein that links thin filaments of sarcomere to integral membrane proteins of sarcolemma

34
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

Myosin contacts with actin to form cross-bridges
Myosin heads walk along thin filaments
Thin filaments pulled toward M line
Sarcomere shortens

35
Q

Onset of contraction

A

SR releases Ca2+ into sarcoplasm
Ca2+ binds troponin
Troponin moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding sites on actin (“frees” them)

36
Q

Steps of contraction cycle

A

ATP hydrolysis
Myosin heads bind actin to form cross-bridges
Power stroke
Detachment of myosin from actin

37
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Muscles shorten and movement occurs

38
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Muscles do not shorten, no movement

39
Q

Muscle tone

A

Some muscle fibers are always contracted, muscle is firm

40
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP

38 ATP/glucose

41
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose → lactic acid + ATP
2 ATP/glucose but faster than aerobic
Lactic acid accumulates in the muscle (burning sensation) and diffuses into blood to liver
When there is sufficient oxygen liver converts it to glycogen (storage form of glucose)

42
Q

Metabolism of creatine phosphate

A

Creatine phosphate + ADP → creatine + ATP

43
Q

Origin

A

End of the muscle that is attached to the stationary bone

44
Q

Insertion

A

End of muscle that is attached to the movable bone

45
Q

Deltoid

A

Shaped like a triangle

46
Q

Latissimus

A

Wide

47
Q

Orbicularis

A

Circular

48
Q

Serratus

A

Serrated

49
Q

Teres

A

Long and round

50
Q

Trapezlus

A

Shaped like a trapezoid

51
Q

Brevis

A

Short

52
Q

Longus

A

Long

53
Q

Maximus

A

Large

54
Q

Minimus

A

Small

55
Q

Minor

A

Smaller

56
Q

Vastus

A

Huge

57
Q

Rectus

A

Straight

58
Q

Transverse

A

Across

59
Q

Biceps

A

Two heads

60
Q

Triceps

A

Three heads

61
Q

Quadriceps

A

Four heads

62
Q

Fixator

A

Synergist that immobilizes bone

63
Q

Lever

A

Rigid structure that can move around a fixed point

64
Q

Fulcrum

A

Fixed point that levers move around

65
Q

Two different forces acted on levers

A

Effort - causes movement

Load or resistance - opposes movement

66
Q

Mechanical advantage

A

Load is closer to fulcrum, effort is farther

Small effort required to move a large load over a small distance

67
Q

Mechanical disadvantage

A

Load is farther from the fulcrum, effort is applied closer

Larger effort required to move a small load, but at a greater speed

68
Q

First-class lever

A

Fulcrum is between effort and load
Example: scissors, seesaws, chewing
Mechanical advantage or disadvantage depending or whether effort or load is closer to the fulcrum

69
Q

Second-class lever

A

Load is between fulcrum and effort
Example: wheelbarrow, standing up on toes
Always produce mechanical advantage because the load is always closer to the fulcrum than the effort (produces the most force)
Uncommon in human body

70
Q

Third-class lever

A

Effort is between load and fulcrum
Example: forceps
Most common in the body
Always produce mechanical disadvantage because effort is always closer to the fulcrum than the load

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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