Flashcards in Module 12: The Endocrine System Deck (37):
1
Water soluble hormones
Amines
Peptides and proteins
Eicosanoids
2
Lipid soluble hormones
Steroid
Thyroid
Gas
3
Amino-based hormones
Consist of proteins or protein derivatives
Most hormones belong to this group
React with receptors on the surface of the cell
Rapid reaction
4
Steroid hormones
Synthesized from cholesterol
Sex hormones and those hormones from the adrenal cortex
React with receptor sites inside a cell
Slow reaction
5
Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
Master gland
Controls the activity of many other endocrine glands
Activity controlled by hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary gland – (adenohypophysis)
Posterior pituitary gland – (neurohypophysis)
6
Hypothalamus
Major link between nervous and endocrine systems
7
Adenohypophysis
Anterior pituitary gland
Secretions regulated by hypothalamus
8
Neurohypophysis
Posterior pituitary gland
Two hormones produced in the hypothalamus and sent into a capillary bed in the neurohypophysis where they are stored and released
9
Growth hormone (GH)
Also called somatotropin
Target: most body tissues
Stimulates growth by promoting protein synthesis
10
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Also called thyrotropin
Target: thyroid gland
Stimulates production of thyroid hormones
11
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)
Target: Cortex of the adrenal glands
Stimulates production of hormones in the adrenal cortex
12
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Target: testes and ovaries
Stimulates production of sperm in the male
Stimulates maturation of ova and production of estrogen by the ovaries
13
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Target: reproductive organs
Stimulates the production of testosterone in the testes Stimulates the production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries
Also stimulates ovulation
14
Prolactin (PRL)
Target: mammary glands
Stimulates milk production (lactation)
15
Oxytocin
Target: uterus, mammary glands
Stimulates uterine contractions and initiates labor
Stimulates ejection of milk
16
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Also called vasopressin
Target: kidneys
Increases water reabsorption in the kidney to reduce water loss
17
T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine)
Target: most body cells
Regulates energy balance
Increases rate of protein synthesis
Regulates growth
Most T4 is converted to T3 (the more active form) in the target tissues
18
Calcitonin
Target: bone tissue
Regulates calcium blood levels by inhibiting the release of calcium from bone tissue to blood (decreases blood calcium)
19
Parathyroid glands
Four small glands (some individuals have as many as 8) embedded in the posterior thyroid
Have nothing to do with the thyroid gland
20
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Also called parathormone
Target: bones, intestines, kidneys
Increases blood calcium levels
21
Adrenal glands
Located above each kidney
Also called the suprarenal glands
Outside layer (fibrous capsule) is surrounded by a cushion of fat
Two functional layers: cortex and medulla
22
Mineralocorticoids
Secreted by adrenal cortex
Most common is aldosterone
Target: kidneys
Regulate water balance in the body
23
Glucocorticoids
Secreted by adrenal cortex
Most common is cortisol
Target: most cells
Increase blood sugar levels
Inhibit inflammation and immune response
24
Gonadocorticoids (androgens)
Target: ovaries and testicles
Increase female sex drive
25
Epinephrine
Secreted by the adrenal medulla
Also called adrenaline
Target: heart, blood vessels
Coping with stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to skeletal muscles, and blood sugar
26
Norepinephrine
Secreted by the adrenal medulla
Also called noradrenaline
Target: heart, blood vessels
Raises blood pressure
27
Insulin
Produced by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans
Target: most cells
Lowers blood glucose by increasing the rate of glucose
transported into the cells
28
Glucagon
Produced by the alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans
Target: liver
Increases blood glucose
Stimulates the liver to convert glycogen (the storage form of glucose in the liver) into the bloodstream
29
Progesterone
Produced in ovaries
Maintains the lining of the uterus in preparation for pregnancy
30
Thymus gland
Site of production of T cells (involved with immunity)
Secretes thymosin, which regulates the development and function of the immune system
31
Pineal gland
Affects biorhythms (rates of secretion of other hormones)
Secretes melatonin
32
Gastrin
Produced in the stomach
Stimulates the release of HCl
33
Intestinal gastrin
Produced in the duodenum (section of the small intestine)
Inhibits the secretion of HCl in the stomach
34
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Produced in kidneys
Stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells
35
Cholecalciferol
Produced in epidermal cells
Stimulates active transport of dietary calcium into the bloodstream
36
Leptin
Produced in adipose tissue
Suppresses appetite in response to fatty foods
37