Module 20

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

process of acquiring new and relatively permanent info/behaviors through experience

Question 2

types of learning

Answer 2

adaptation, classical and operant conditioning, observational learning, and cognitive learning

Question 3

adaptation

Answer 3

learning to ignore some aspects of life (ex: sounds)

Question 4

cognitive learning

Answer 4

acquire mental info which guides behaviors; via language

Question 5

associative learning

Answer 5

learning that certain events occur together

Question 6

habitual behaviors

Answer 6

especially evident when mentally depleted; usually takes 66 days to develop beneficial habits

Question 7

respondent behavior

Answer 7

behavior that occurs automatically as a response to a stimulus (classical conditioning)

Question 8

operant behavior

Answer 8

behavior that operates on the environment and produces consequences (operant conditioning)

Question 9

classical conditioning

Answer 9

type of learning where 2 stimuli are linked; first stimuli comes to illicit behavior in anticipation of second stimulus

Question 10

counter-conditioning

Answer 10

using extinction procedures/new conditioning to change unwanted responses to stimuli

Question 11

neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 11

a stimulus that doesn’t illicit a said response; turns into CS

Question 12

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 12

stimulus that automatically and naturally triggers a response

Question 13

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 13

unlearned, naturally occurring response to an US

Question 14

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 14

originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger CR; can trigger another biological event/arrousal like sexual conditioning

Question 15

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 15

learned response to previously neutral, but now conditioned, stimulus

Question 16

acquisition

Answer 16

initial learning when US and NS are associated (CC); strengthening of a reinforced response (OC); usually 0.5 seconds btw US and NS; NS must come before US

Question 17

higher-order/second-order conditioning

Answer 17

CS in 1 conditioning experience is paired with NS, creating a second and often weaker CS

Question 18

extinction

Answer 18

diminished response that occurs when US doesn’t follow CS anymore (CC); when response isn’t reinforced anymore (OC)

Question 19

spontaneous recovery

Answer 19

reappearance of a weakened CR after a pause

Question 20

generalization

Answer 20

tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit a response (CR) (CC); responses learned in 1 situation occur in other, similar situations (OC)

Question 21

discrimination

Answer 21

learned ability to distinguish between a CS and similar stimuli that don’t signal a US (CC); ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that aren’t reinforced (OC)

Question 22

main concepts of Pavlov’s work

Answer 22

classical conditioning is universal among all organisms; scientific model for psych

Question 23

behaviorism

Answer 23

Watson; psych should be an objective science based on observable behavior; today, most psychologists agree with 1 but not 2; influenced North American psych in early 20th century; disapproved of mentalistic concepts (ex: consciousness)

Question 24

John Watson

Answer 24

founded behaviorism; believed basic laws of learning were the same for all animals and that human emotions and behaviors are mainly a bundle of conditional responses; conducted controversial studies on Little Albert and conditioned him to be scared of white rats via loud noises and was generalized to other animals

Question 25

applications of classical conditioning

Answer 25

drug cravings, food cravings, immune responses, placebo effect, love towards parental figures, taste aversion

Question 26

taste aversion

Answer 26

after getting sick after eating a said food, may avoid food, sometimes permanently, even if food doesn't cause sickness