Module 6

Question 1

cerebrum

Answer 1

majority of brain (everything besides brain stem and cerebellum); covered by cerebral cortex

Question 2

fissures

Answer 2

folds in cerebral cortex

Question 3

motor cortex

Answer 3

rear of frontal lobe; controls voluntary movement; sends messages out to body

Question 4

cognitive neural processing

Answer 4

programming computers to act according to brain signals that have been monitored and recorded; has worked with planning and intention (pointing/reaching for something); might be a way to read thoughts for stroke patients and for paralytics/amputees to gain (artificial) motor control

Question 5

machine learning

Answer 5

uses electrodes; patient stares at motion, thinks of doing themselves, and does it w/o control

Question 6

somatosensory cortex

Answer 6

front of parietal lobes; processes touch and movement sensations; receives incoming messages

Question 7

visual cortex

Answer 7

receives visual input; located in occipital lobes; if stimulated, flashes of light/color occur

Question 8

auditory cortex

Answer 8

processes sound; located in temporal lobe

Question 9

gustatory cortex

Answer 9

controls taste; located in frontal lobe

Question 10

olfactory cortex

Answer 10

controls smell; located in temporal lobe

Question 11

association area

Answer 11

specific regions of a lobe involved with higher mental functioning; electrically probing elicits no observable response

Question 12

prefrontal cortex

Answer 12

forward of frontal lobes; enables moral judgement, planning, and processing of new memories

Question 13

parietal association area

Answer 13

math and spatial reasoning; intentions and expectations of movement

Question 14

temporal association area

Answer 14

recognizing faces

Question 15

frontal lobes

Answer 15

speaking (Broca’s Area), muscle movements, planning, judgement, expressive language

Question 16

Broca’s Area

Answer 16

in frontal lobe; production of language

Question 17

parietal lobes

Answer 17

sensory input for touch (pressure, pain) and body position; language processing; includes Wernicke’s Area and angular gyrus

Question 18

Wernicke’s Area

Answer 18

understanding language

Question 19

angular gyrus

Answer 19

converts words to sounds to send to Wernicke’s Area

Question 20

occipital lobe

Answer 20

receives info from visual cortex

Question 21

temporal lobes

Answer 21

auditory control (speech percetion); includes hippocampus -> memory; smell

Question 22

constraint-induced therapy

Answer 22

aims to rewire damaged (stroke maybe) brain by restraining functioning limb and forcing use of damaged one

Question 23

neurogenesis

Answer 23

production of new neurons; confirmed via Cold War bc of carbon-dated neurons from nuclear tests; 700 new daily and 2% annual turnover rate in hippocampus

Question 24

neural stem cells

Answer 24

can develop into any kind of brain cell; might be able to mass produce in lab and use with brain damage patients

Question 25

compensation/reassignment

Answer 25

when a condition/injury frees up brain areas normally restricted to certain functions that aren't in use anymore

Question 26

corpus callosum

Answer 26

neural fibers thagt connecting hemis and carry messages between

Question 27

split brain

Answer 27

conditions resulting fro surgery that cuts fibers connecting hemispheres; left and right hemispheres act separately and are unable to know information that the other receives ("2 separate minds")

Question 28

lateralization

Answer 28

right and left hemis serve different functions

Question 29

cotralateral

Answer 29

each hemi controls opposite side

Question 30

left hemisphere

Answer 30

analytical, linear, language, controls right

Question 31

right hemisphere

Answer 31

creative, intuitive, perceiving/expressing emotion, left side movements

Question 32

concussion; mild traumatic brain injury

Answer 32

blow to the head that can change how the brain works; brain hits skull and axons are teared/destroyed and release toxins; can affect memory, judgement, movement, speech, sleep; can cause anxiety/depression

Question 33

post concussion syndrome (PCS)

Answer 33

headaches, learning problems and behavioral symptoms months-years after injury

Question 34

sub-concussive impacts

Answer 34

less intense head blows that can lead to severe degeneration if repetitive (CTE); "fray" axons

Question 35

diffusion tensor imaging

Answer 35

shows large axon bubbles and how mild blows structurally alter them

Question 36

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

Answer 36

brain disorder caused by repetitive hits to head that can affect mood, behavior, thinking, and mem; 30-40 y/o; can result in dementia

Question 37

tau

Answer 37

protein that supports microtubules in axons that clump together when microtubules are damaged causing disrupted transport and communication across neuron and more clumps