Module 9

Question 1

origins of drug abuse

Answer 1

sometimes used during religious rituals, or to control pain and increase energy during war

Question 2

substance use disorder

Answer 2

drug use continues despite significant life disruption; brain changes may persist after quitting substance; ranges from mild (2-3) to severe (6+ indicators)

Question 3

how drugs work

Answer 3

enters the bloodstream via ingestion, inhalation, absorption, or injection; affects synapse; can be agonist or antagonists

Question 4

liver

Answer 4

produces enzymes that metabolize drugs

Question 5

psychoactive drugs

Answer 5

chemicals that change perceptions and mood

Question 6

depressants

Answer 6

calm neural activity; slow body functions and behavior; opposite of stimulants

Question 7

alcohol

Answer 7

depressant; agonist (causes GABA); equal-opportunity drug; low doses produce similar effects as stimulants; slows neural processing, memory disruption, reduced self-awareness and self-control

Question 8

alcohol poisoning

Answer 8

often causes by moderate drinking followed by heavy drinking (reduces urge to vomit)

Question 9

expectancy effects

Answer 9

simply believing one is consuming a drug (alcohol) can cause to act as if they were on it; people jump at the chance to attribute behavior and thoughts to outside sources

Question 10

barbiturates

Answer 10

depressant; tranquilizers; can impair memory and judgement; sometimes prescribed to decrease anxiety

Question 11

opioids/opiates/narcotics

Answer 11

can be considered depressant/stimulant too; elevate mood; pain relief; artificial endorphins; affects ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens (dopamine-producing neurons/neurla reward circuitry)

Question 12

examples of opioids

Answer 12

codeine, morphine, heroin

Question 13

stimulants

Answer 13

increase neural activity, body functions, and behavior; used recreationally (illegally) to improve academic/atheltic performance

Question 14

caffiene

Answer 14

stimulant; most common drug; increases alertness

Question 15

nicotine

Answer 15

stimulant; delivered through e-cigs w/o cancer-causing tar; each cig = -12 min of life; correlates with higher of depression, chronic disabilities and divorce; ex-smokers sometimes return during stress

Question 16

cocaine

Answer 16

stimulant; snorted, injected, or smoked (crack); decreases dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine supply; back and forth between euphoria and aggitation

Question 17

amphetamines

Answer 17

stimulant; stimulate neural activity, mood, and energy

Question 18

methamphetamine (meth)

Answer 18

stimulant; chemically similar to amphetamine, triggeres dopamine release; highly addictive (most dangerous)

Question 19

ectasy/MDMA/Molly

Answer 19

stimulant and mild hallucinogen; triggers dopamine and stored serotonin release; “hug drug” - causes increased mood and sociableness; “club drug”

Question 20

hallucinogens/psychedelics

Answer 20

alter perception; can lead to hallucinations; “out-of-body” experience; 10-15% of people on these drugs have a near-death experience

Question 21

near-death experience

Answer 21

altered state of consciousness; reported by some cardiac arrest survivors; similar hallucinogen symptoms

Question 22

LSD (acid)

Answer 22

hallucinogen; causes stream of pictures and euphoria (kaleidoscope); “visual trip;” risk of panic/detachment

Question 23

marijuana

Answer 23

mild hallucinogen; consists of THC; produces high; less withdrawals bc stays in body longer; can be used medically for anxiety; may decrease male sex hormones; increases brain cell loss (hippocampus)

Question 24

heroin

Answer 24

depressant/opioid; rush of euphoria, relief from pain; highly addictive and dangerous

Question 25

antipsychotics

Answer 25

used to treat many symptoms associated with schizophrenia; dopamine receptor block (antagonist)

Question 26

antidepressants

Answer 26

treats symptoms associated with depression; agonist; keeps serotonin and norepinephrine in synapse

Question 27

biological influences on drug abuse

Answer 27

higher risk with identical twins (alcohol and weed); genes associated with alcohol abuse (deficients to dopamine reward system)

Question 28

psychological influences

Answer 28

lacking sense of purpose; significant stress; psychological disorders (depression, eating disorders(; sexual abuse

Question 29

sociocultural influences

Answer 29

difficult environment; cultural acceptance of drug use; peer influences; school/neighborhood transitions; expectations

Question 30

influences on smoking

Answer 30

usually starts in adolescence bc influencing factors are stronger; companies market towards adolescents; smokers tend to quit in clusters

Question 31

psychiatric meds

Answer 31

prescribed; antidepressants, stimulants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, depressants

Question 32

recreational drugs

Answer 32

used for pleasure; stimulants, hallucinogens, hypnotics, opioid analgesics, inhalents ("huffing")