Module 3 - Carbohydrates Part 1

Question 1

Name some body functions of the carbohydrates:

Answer 1

Energy source, glucose storage, satiety - body weight.

Question 2

New label properties:

Answer 2

• serving size stands out and similar on same foods
• calories are bigger with bold line below
• daily values updated: sugar
• list minerals with mg amounts
• daily value footnote

Question 3

What is the glycemic index (GI)?

Answer 3

A scale ranking carb containing food/drink by how much it raises blood sugar levels after eat/drank.

Question 4

What does enriched and refined means?

Answer 4

Enriched: addition of nutrients that may have beed lost during process.
Refined: remove coarse parts, left with endosperm.

Question 5

Name the monosaccharides and their properties

Answer 5

Glucose: in blood sugar, in every disaccharide.
Fructose: in fruits and honey, most sweet
Galactose: in dairy products

Question 6

Name the disaccharides and their composition:

Answer 6

Maltose: glucose + glucose
Sucrose: glucose + fructose
Lactose: glucose + galactose

Question 7

What are the reactions that link and break the disccharides?

Answer 7

Condensation reaction

Hydrolysis reaction

Question 8

What are the polysaccharides?

Answer 8

Glycogen: storage form of glucose
Starch: storage form in plants
Fibre: structural part of plants. Soluble and Insoluble.

Question 9

Steps for the starch digestion:

Answer 9

• Salivary glands moist food, salivary amylase begins digestion. Breaks = polysacc., maltose
• Stomach inactivates enzyme, pancreas produce amylase into small intestine. Break = small polysacc., maltose
• Disaccharides enzymes surface small intestine. Hydrolyse = monosaccharides
• Intestinal cells absorb monosacc.

Question 10

Steps for the fiber digestion:

Answer 10

• Mouth crushes and tears fiber
• Stomach fiber not digested, delays gastric emptying, ; small intestine fiber not digested, slows and less absorption (fat, cholesterol),
• Large intestine bacterial enzymes digest fiber. Break = short-chain fatty acids, gas. Colon faster digestion, attracts water, binds bile acid and toxicants = less constipation, improve blood cholesterol levels
• Fiber holds water, carry out other substances (minerals, cholesterol, bile)

Question 11

How is carbohydrate absorbed?

Answer 11

• Small intestine
• Enter the capillaries in the villi
• Travels to liver + storage + break into glucose

Question 12

What are the particularities about the absorption of glucose, galactose and the fructose?

Answer 12

Glucose and galactose enter by active transport.

Fructose uses facilitated diffusion.

Question 13

How does the pancreas regulates the blood glucose when it rises and drops?

Answer 13

BG rise = release insulin

BG drops = relase glucagon

Question 14

What happens when there is too much glucose, even after the regulation?

Answer 14

Glucose is either burned in energy or converted and stored into fat

Question 15

What is resistant starch?

Answer 15

Starch that resists digestion or difficult to digest.

Question 16

What is the link between sugar alcohols, artificial sweetners and dental health?

Answer 16

Both prevent the creation of caries because the mouth bacteria can’t metabolize synthetic sugar rapidly.