Module 3: Functional Groups

Question 1

It is the reactive part of the molecule.

Answer 1

functional group

Question 2

A _____________________ (1˚H) is on a C bonded to one other C atom.

Answer 2

primary hydrogen

Question 3

These are attractions between an instantaneous dipole and an induced dipole.

Answer 3

London dispersion forces

Question 4

The positive end of one is attracted to the negative end of the other and vice-versa

Answer 4

dipole-dipole forces

Question 5

Almost all organic compounds are soluble in?

Answer 5

nonpolar organic solvents

Question 6

These are compounds made up of only the elements carbon and hydrogen.

Answer 6

hydrocarbons

Question 7

Common heteroatoms are?

Answer 7

nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and the halogens.

Question 8

The polar part of a molecule that can hydrogen bond to H2O is said to be?

Answer 8

hydrophilic

Question 9

The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon an __________________

Answer 9

electrophile

Question 10

A ___________________ (3˚ H) is on a C bonded to three other C atoms.

Answer 10

tertiary hydrogen

Question 11

It is the extent of solute dissolution in a solvent

Answer 11

solubility

Question 12

A ________________ (2˚ carbon) is bonded to two other C atoms.

Answer 12

secondary carbon

Question 13

The most common ____________ occur in C=C and C=O double bonds.

Answer 13

π bonds

Question 14

Different hydrocarbon functional groups

Answer 14

Alkane
Alkene
Alkyne
Aromatic

Question 15

Rule of the thumb:

Answer 15

“Like dissolves like”

Question 16

The stronger the intermolecular forces, the ________________ the mp.

Answer 16

higher

Question 17

This affects the physical properties of molecules

Answer 17

polarity of a molecule

Question 18

Different single bond to a single heteroatom functional groups

Answer 18

Alkyl halides
Alcohols
Ethers
Amines

Question 19

Different carbonyl functional groups

Answer 19

Aldehydes
Carboxylic acids
Esters
Ketones
Amides

Question 20

The carbonyl group also contains a _______________ that is more easily broken than a C=O σ bond.

Answer 20

π bond

Question 21

The _____________________ is the temperature at which a solid is converted to its liquid phase.

Answer 21

melting point (mp)

Question 22

The more polarizable the atoms, the ____________ the bp.

Answer 22

higher

Question 23

types of intermolecular forces

Answer 23

1. London dispersion (van der Waals forces)
2. Dipole-dipole interaction
3. Hydrogen bonding

Question 24

The ____________________ of a compound is the temperature at which the liquid form of the compound becomes a gas (vaporizes).

Answer 24

boiling point (bp)

Question 25

types of functional groups

Answer 25

1. Functional Groups with Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bonds 2. Functional Groups with Carbon Singly Bonded to an Electronegative Atom 3. Functional Groups with a Carbon–Oxygen Double Bond (Carbonyl Groups)

Question 26

All intermolecular forces are?

Answer 26

electrostatic

Question 27

These interactions are much stronger than the intermolecular forces in covalent molecules

Answer 27

ion-ion interactions

Question 28

The tendency of an electron cloud to distort in this way is called?

Answer 28

polarizability

Question 29

A _________________ (4˚ carbon) is bonded to four other C atoms.

Answer 29

quaternary carbon

Question 30

what are the different physical properties of molecules?

Answer 30

1. boiling point 2. melting point 3. solubility

Question 31

The importance of functional groups

Answer 31

1. bonding and shape 2. nomenclature 3. physical properties 4. chemical reactivity 5. type and strength of intermolecular forces

Question 32

A _____________ (3˚ carbon) is bonded to three other C atoms.

Answer 32

tertiary carbon

Question 33

The larger the surface area, the __________ the bp.

Answer 33

higher

Question 34

A __________________ is a group of atoms within a molecule that has a characteristic chemical behavior.

Answer 34

functional group

Question 35

A ______________________ (2˚ H) is on a C bonded to two other C atoms.

Answer 35

secondary hydrogen

Question 36

functional group that is aromatic

Answer 36

arenes

Question 37

A ______________ (1˚ carbon) is bonded to one other C atom

Answer 37

primary carbon

Question 38

These forces are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar

Answer 38

London dispersion (fleeting dipole-dipole)

Question 39

The physical properties of a compound are determined by the attractive forces between the individual molecules, called?

Answer 39

intermolecular forces

Question 40

Atoms other than carbon or hydrogen

Answer 40

heteroatoms

Question 41

functional groups that are aliphatic

Answer 41

alkanes alkenes alkynes

Question 42

The nonpolar part of a molecule that is not attracted to H2O is said to be?

Answer 42

hydrophobic

Question 43

The lone pairs on O in the polar bond C=O allow it to react as a?

Answer 43

nucleophile and base

Question 44

These interactions are extremely strong electrostatic interactions

Answer 44

ion-ion interactions (forces)

Question 45

As the polarity of a molecule decreases, the strength of its intermolecular forces ________________

Answer 45

decreases

Question 46

The more compact and symmetrical the shape (a crystalline lactice), the _____________ the mp.

Answer 46

higher

Question 47

These are classified as 1°, 2°, or 3°

Answer 47

Alkyl halides and Amines

Question 48

As the polarity of a molecule increases, the strength of its intermolecular forces _________________.

Answer 48

increases

Question 49

Soap molecules have two distinct parts:

Answer 49

Hydrophilic polar head Hydrophobic nonpolar tail

Question 50

Type of dipole-dipole interactions experienced when H atom is bonded to N, O, or F atom

Answer 50

hydrogen bonding