Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clinical Chemistry > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

three functions of carbohydrates

A
  1. storage form of energy
  2. cell membrane component
  3. structural component of nucleic acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

classification of carbohydrates according to size of base carbon chain

A

triose, tetrelise, pentose, hexose, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

simplest carbohydrate

A

glycol aldehyde (2-C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

smallest carbohydrate

A

glyceraldehyde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

classification of carbohydrate according to location of the C=O function group

A

aldose and ketose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the C=O is in the terminal group

A

aldose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the C=O group is in the middle of the chain

A

ketose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In ketoses the C2 is always:

A

carbonyl (C=O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The aldehyde or ketone in this visualization is at the top of the drawing

A

fisher projection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

this visualization shows the carbihydrate in cyclic form which is more representative of the compound

A

haworth projection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

classification of carbohydrates according to stereochemistry of the compound

A

L or D form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

if the -OH group in the penultimate carbon is in the right of the fisher projection

A

D-form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

if the OH group is found in the left side of the penultimate carbon

A

L-form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

most common enantiomer or stereoisomer in humans

A

D-form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

classification of carbohydrates according to number of sugar units in the chain

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

monosaccharides are linked to form disaxcharides through

A

glycosidic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

splitting of glycosidic bonds form ___ and is termed as ___

A

1 H2O

hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler form and are always reducing agents

A

monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

2 monosaccarides in a glycosidic linkage

A

disaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

monosaccharides components of lactose

A

galactose

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

monosaccharide components of sucrose

A

glucose

fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

monosaccharide components of maltose

A

2 glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

T or F: sucrose is a reducing sugar

A

False

Sucrose is non-reducing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

disaccharide enzymes like maltase, sucrase, and lactase are found in

A

intestine microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
carbohydrates that consists of 2-10 sugar units
oligosaccharides
26
most important use of oligosaccharides
components of glycoproteins
27
integral membrane proteins w/ oligosaccharides covalently linked to extracellular region
glycoprotein
28
example of glycoproteins
antibodies hormones coagulation factors
29
linkage of 10 or more monosaccharides
polysaccharides
30
polysaccharide structural support in plants
cellulose
31
polysaccharide structural support in exoskeletons
chitin
32
three examples of polysaccharides
starch glycogen cellulose
33
starch is composed of
amylose | amylopectins
34
component of starch described as 1 long unbranched chain of alpha-1,4 linkages with only the terminal aldehyde is free
amylose
35
component of starch that have side chains and alpha-1,4 linkages, and alpha-1,6 linkages every 24-30 residues
amylopectins
36
similar to amylopectin but has more extensive branching every 8-10 residues
glycogen
37
glycogen is the most abundant in:
liver and skeletal muscle
38
primary source of energy for humans
glucose
39
three sources of glucose in the body:
1. diet 2. body stores (glycogen) 3. protein or triglycerides
40
function of liver
store glucose as glycogen | degrade glycogen as needed
41
metabolism of glucose molecule into pyruvate or lactate to produce energy
glycolysis
42
formation of G6P from noncarbohydrate sources like glycerol (triglycerides), lactate (skin and muscles), and pyruvate
gluconeogenesis
43
breakdown of glycogen to G6P for glycolytic pathway
glycogenolysis
44
conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids
lipogenesis
45
decomposition of fat resulting
lipolysis
46
product of lipolysis that can be used by the brain through the Tricarboxylic acid cycle
ketone bodies
47
final common pathway in oxidation of fuel molecules which produce Acetyl CoA
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
48
generates large amounts of ATP when oxidized
Acetyl CoA
49
Acetyl CoA is oxidized through:
oxidative phosphorylation
50
The only hypoglycemic agent
insulin
51
insulin is produced by
beta cells of the islets of Langerhan in the pancreas
52
actions of insulin
increased uptake of glucose into fat and muscle increased conversion of glucose to glycogen increased protein synthesis decreased glucose production decreased protein breakdown
53
nature of insulin
anabolic
54
4 counterregulatory hormones
1. glucagon 2. epinephrine 3. growth hormone 4. cortisol
55
nature of counterregulatory hormones
catabolic
56
glucagon is secreted by
alpha cells of pancreas
57
action of glucagon
increases glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, lipolysis
58
releaser of glucagon is induced by
stress exercise amino acids
59
two reasons for hyperglucemia
insulin deficiency | increased glucagon
60
epinephrine is waht compound
catecholamine
61
epinephrine is secreted by
adrenal medulla
62
plays key role in glucose counterregulation of glucagon is impaired
epinephrine
63
causes of increased epinephrine
physical or emotional stress | pheochromocytomas
64
growth hormone is secreted by:
anterior pituitary gland
65
action of GH
increases gluconeogenesis, lipolysis | antagonizes insulin-stimulated glucose uptake
66
cortisol is secreted by
adrenal cortex
67
cortisol is secreted in response to
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
68
action of cortisol
breakdown of protein and fat
69
disease when cortisol is increased
Cushing syndrome | hyperplasia of adrenal cortex
70
disease when cortisol is decreased
Addison's disease | atrophy of adrenal cortex
71
disease when cortisol is decreased
Addison's disease | atrophy of adrenal cortex
72
two other hormones influencing glucose metabolism
thyroxine | somatostatin
73
thyroxine is secreted by
thyroid gland
74
action of thyroxine
increase gastric emptying and intestinal glucose absorption
75
inhibits growth hormone
somatostatin
76
somatostatin is found in
GIT hypothalamus delta cells of pancreatic islets
77
action of somatostatin
decreases secretion of GH, insulin, glucagon | modulates relationship of insulin and glucagon
78
at room temperature, glucose is metabolized at:
7 mg/dL per hour
79
at 4 degrees Celsius, glucose is metabolized at
2 mg/dL per hour
80
effect of bacterial contamination on specimen
higher rate of metabolism
81
effect of glycolysis on specimen
5-7% decrease per hour
82
effect of fasting on capillary blood glucose concentration
2-5 mg/dL higher than venous blood
83
effect of glucose load on capillary blood glucose concentration
20-70 mg/dL higher than venous blood
84
how many hours is refrigerated plasma stable
48 hours
85
long term storage of specimen at -20 degrees Celsius
progressive and significant decrease
86
serum should be separated within:
30 minutes
87
additive that inhibits glycolysis
Sodium fluoride
88
clinically acceptable delay of separation of serum if without bacterial contamination or leukocytosis
90 minutes
89
stability of separated, non hemolyzed serum at 25 degrees Celsius
8 hrs
90
stability of separated, non hemolyzed serum at 4 degrees celsius
72 hours
91
the standard clinical specimen for glucose determination
plasma
92
plasma contains this, which can also metabolize glucose
leukocytes
93
possible additives for plasma that inhibits glycolysis
sodium fluoride | sodium iodoacetate
94
added to sodium fluoride to prevent late clotting after several hours
potassium oxalate
95
ratio of sodium fluoride to potassium oxalate
2 mg : 2mg
96
inhibits in vitro glucolysis better than fluoride
citrate buffer acidificatiob

Clinical Chemistry (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions