MOTIVATION Week 8

Question 1

the driving force behind behaviour which leads us to pursue some things and avoid others

Answer 1

motivation

Question 2

positive or negative feeling (or response) that typically includes some combination of physiological arousal, subjective experience and behavioural expression.

Answer 2

emotion

Question 3

the words ‘motivation’ and ‘emotion’ share the same Latin root, movere, which means to —-.

Answer 3

move

Question 4

Motives can be divided into —— needs and ——- needs (such as needs for dominance,
power, achievement and relatedness to others), although few motives are strictly biological or learned.

Answer 4

biological

psychological

Question 5

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH MOTIVATION The psychodynamic perspective emphasises the ——– basis of motivation

Answer 5

biological

Question 6

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH MOTIVATION internal tension states that build up until they are satisfied (Freud).

Answer 6

drives,

Question 7

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH MOTIVATION Frued proposed two basic drives:

Answer 7

sex (desires for love, lust and intimacy, )
and
aggression. (not only blatantly aggressive or sadistic impulses but desires to control or master other people
and the environment. Self preservation)

Question 8

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH MOTIVATION psychodynamic theorists now emphasise two other motives
in particular

Answer 8

the need for relatedness to others (independent of sexual desires)
and
the need for selfesteem (feeling good about oneself)

Question 9

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH MOTIVATION many have also moved away from his abstract notion of ‘drives’ to two concepts that seem closer
to the data of clinical observation:

Answer 9

wishes and fears

Question 10

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH MOTIVATION To study unconscious motives, researchers often use the Thematic Apperception Test to test:

Answer 10

Unconscious motives. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) consists of a series of ambiguous pictures about which participants make up a story.

Question 11

BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION
——— motivation operates unconsciously over time; ——–motivation emerges when attention is directed to tasks.

Answer 11

Implicit

explicit

Question 12

BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION
operant conditioning offers (if only ‘implicitly’) one of the clearest and most empirically supported views of:

Answer 12

motivation

Question 13

BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION
Humans, like other animals, are motivated to:

Answer 13

produce
behaviours rewarded by the environment and to avoid behaviours that are punished.

Question 14

BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION
—- ——–theories propose that motivation
stems from a combination of drive and reinforcement, and is based on the concept of homoeostasis which is
the tendency of the body to maintain itself in a state of balance or equilibrium

Answer 14

Drive-reduction

Question 15

BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION
deprivation of basic needs creates an unpleasant state of tension; as a result, the animal begins producing behaviours is an example of

Answer 15

Drive Reduction

Question 16

BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION
the tendency of the body to maintain itself in a state of balance or equilibrium

Answer 16

homoeostasis which is

Question 17

BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION
if the animal in this state happens to perform an action that reduces the tension (as when a hungry dog finds food on the dinner table), it will associate this behaviour with

Answer 17

drive reduction.

Question 18

BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION
that is, an innate (or biological) drive such as hunger, thirst
and sex

Answer 18

primary drive

Question 19

BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION
earning a living, playing or studying - the motives for these behaviours are:

Answer 19

secondary,
or
acquired drives

Question 20

BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION
a drive learned through conditioning and other learning mechanisms such as modelling

Answer 20

A secondary drive

Question 21

BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION
neutral stimulus comes to be associated with drive reduction and thus itself becomes a .

Answer 21

motivator

Question 22

BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION
the desire for money is a secondary drive that ultimately permits the satisfaction of many other

Answer 22

primary and secondary drives

Question 23

BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION
Some behaviours seem motivated more by the presence of an external stimulus or reward called: ——
(rather than an internal need state.)

Answer 23

incentive

Question 24

BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION When a person not previously hungry is enticed by the smells of a bakery In this case, stimuli ------- drive states rather than eliminate them.

Answer 24

activate

Question 25

BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION theories which assert that deprivation of basic needs create an unpleasant state of tension

Answer 25

drive-reduction theories,

Question 26

BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION Some primary drives, are ------

Answer 26

innate

Question 27

BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION -------- --------- are learned through their association with primary drives.

Answer 27

secondary drives,

Question 28

BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION -------- -------- --------view motivation as a joint function of the value people place on an outcome and the extent to which they believe they can attain

Answer 28

Expectancy–value theories (cognitive Theory) (we are driven to attain goals that matter a lot to us but that we also believe we can accomplish.)

Question 29

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION Cognitive approaches to motivation often focus on

Answer 29

goals

Question 30

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION desired outcomes established through social learning — such as getting good marks or making a good impression at a party

Answer 30

goals —

Question 31

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION The core proposition of goal-setting theory is that conscious goals regulate much of ---- -------, especially performance on work task

Answer 31

human behaviour

Question 32

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION the enjoyment of and interest in an activity for one's own sake

Answer 32

intrinsic motivation

Question 33

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION likely to perform the behaviour when they can expect an external reward

Answer 33

extrinsic motivation

Question 34

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION theory that suggests that people have three innate needs — competence, autonomy and relatedness to others

Answer 34

self-determination theory

Question 35

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION three innate needs of self-determination theory

Answer 35

competence, autonomy and relatedness to others

Question 36

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION According to the self determination theory: If she perceives a reward (such as praise) as an indicator of her competence and not as a bribe or threat, the reward is likely to:

Answer 36

increase intrinsic motivation.

Question 37

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION parents who want to foster intrinsic motivation in school would do well to praise and support their children’s interests and successes. If they do reward success (e.g., with cash for a good report card), they should emphasise the child’s

Answer 37

competence rather than her compliance.

Question 38

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION ---- ------ theory is a theory of human motivation and personality that focuses on the degree to which an individual’s behaviour is self-motivated and self-determined

Answer 38

Self-determination

Question 39

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION motives that can be activated and expressed outside of awareness.

Answer 39

Implicit motives

Question 40

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE MOTIVATION Goal-setting theory argues that conscious goals regulate much of

Answer 40

human action

Question 41

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE people have innate needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness. Intrinsic motivation flourishes when these needs are fulfilled.

Answer 41

self-determination theory

Question 42

HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE: Theory that emphasise dignity, individual choice and self-worth as playing key roles in explaining human behaviour.

Answer 42

Humanistic Approach

Question 43

HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE: Self-actualisation needs differ from all the previous levels in that they are not deficiency needs; that is, they are not generated by:

Answer 43

by a lack of something

Question 44

HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE: ERG Theory focuses on: E R G

Answer 44

existence, relatedness and growth (hence ERG).

Question 45

EVOULUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE: In the early part of the twentieth century, psychologists assumed that most motivated behaviour in humans, as in other animals, was a result of:

Answer 45

instincts,

Question 46

,EVOULUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE: relatively fixed patterns of behaviour produced without learning

Answer 46

instincts

Question 47

EVOULUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE: Evolutionary psychologists abandoned instinct theory as human behaviour varies so much across:

Answer 47

cultures, motives that seemed ‘instinctive’ in one culture (such as motives for wealth in the West) did not seem so powerful in others.

Question 48

EVOULUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE: many psychologists came to argue that -------, not instinct, motivates behaviour in humans

Answer 48

learning

Question 49

EVOULUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE: Some fundamental motivational mechanisms likely evolved to assist organisms in choosing actions that support survival, reproduction, and the care of relatives. These mechanisms should direct behaviour so that the level of investment corresponds roughly to the degree of --------.

Answer 49

relatedness

Question 50

EVOULUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE: Recent research indicates that certain species possess chemical mechanisms (---------------) for recognizing kin

Answer 50

pheromones

Question 51

EVOULUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE: ------- are similar to hormones, except that they allow cell-to cell communication between rather than within organisms

Answer 51

Pheromones

Question 52

EVOULUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE: responses that come from pheramones

Answer 52

Hypothalamic and pituitary responses, including hormonal responses

Question 53

EVOULUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE: an organisms own reproductive success plus their influence on the reproductive success of genetically related individuals

Answer 53

inclusive fitness

Question 54

EVOULUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE: innate response tendencies,

Answer 54

motivational systems —

Question 55

EVOULUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE: describing friends as "like a brother’ or ‘like a sister’. may not be accidental and demonstrates

Answer 55

inclusive fitness

Question 56

PSYCHOSOCIAL MOTIVES personal and interpersonal motives for achievement, power, self-esteem, affiliation, intimacy and the like are:

Answer 56

psychosocial needs

Question 57

PSYCHOSOCIAL MOTIVES sometimes called ‘communion’, referring to motives for connectedness with others is known as

Answer 57

relatedness

Question 58

PSYCHOSOCIAL MOTIVES motives for achievement, autonomy, mastery, power and other self-oriented goals is known as

Answer 58

agency

Question 59

PSYCHOSOCIAL MOTIVES refers to the desire for physical and psychological proximity (closeness) to another person, so the individual experiences comfort and pleasure in the other person’s presence.

Answer 59

Attachment motivation

Question 60

PSYCHOSOCIAL MOTIVES a special kind of closeness characterised by self-disclosure, warmth and mutual caring is known as

Answer 60

intimacy

Question 61

PSYCHOSOCIAL MOTIVES need for -----------, or interaction with friends or acquaintances

Answer 61

affiliation (Most people need to be with and communicate with other people, whether that means obtaining support after an upsetting experience, sharing good news or playing sports together)

Question 62

PSYCHOSOCIAL MOTIVES humans have an innate need to know and understand the world around them and to feel competent in the exercise of their

Answer 62

knowledge

Question 63

PSYCHOSOCIAL MOTIVES the need to do well, to succeed and to avoid failure

Answer 63

need for achievement

Question 64

From a cognitive perspective, motives may be expressed selectively because they are --------- organised,

Answer 64

hierarchically organised, (with some sections of the hierarchy carrying more motivational weight than others)

Question 65

PSYCHOSOCIAL MOTIVES type of goals that appear to reflect a blend of at least three motives: performance approach, performance-avoidance and mastery

Answer 65

Achievement goals

Question 66

PSYCHOSOCIAL MOTIVES type of goal that motives to achieve at a particular level, usually a socially defined standard, such as getting an A for an assignment The emphasis is on the outcome — on success or failure in meeting a standard

Answer 66

performance goals

Question 67

PSYCHOSOCIAL MOTIVES motivated to attain a goal = performance------- goals whereas others are more motivated by the fear of not attaining it (performance------- goals).

Answer 67

approach avoidance

Question 68

PSYCHOSOCIAL MOTIVES Performance goals, whether for approach or avoidance, are about achieving a

Answer 68

concrete outcome — obtaining success or avoiding failure

Question 69

PSYCHOSOCIAL MOTIVES type of goal that motives are to increase one’s competence, mastery or skill, interest is in developing my skill or technique

Answer 69

mastery goals are

Question 70

PSYCHOSOCIAL MOTIVES Performance-approach goals are linked to ---------- reinforcement and positive (pleasurable) emotions, such as pride and excitement.

Answer 70

positive

Question 71

PSYCHOSOCIAL MOTIVES Performance-avoidance goals are linked to punishment, ----------reinforcement (avoidance of aversive consequences) and negative (unpleasant) emotions such as anxiety, guilt, shame and sadness

Answer 71

negative

Question 72

PSYCHOSOCIAL MOTIVES The need for achievement is primarily a ----- motive

Answer 72

learned