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Psychology 1A > Neurons/Neurotransmitters WEEK 5 > Flashcards

Neurons/Neurotransmitters WEEK 5 Flashcards

1
Q

PNS

A

Periphereal Nervous System

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2
Q

The branches that come out off the axon are called

A

Axon Terminals

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3
Q

CNS

A

Central Nerous System

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4
Q

PNS contains

A

all neural structures that are outside the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Two main functions of the PNS

A

Input and out put functions

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6
Q

Input function of PNS

A

sense whats going on inside and outside the body

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7
Q

Output function of PNS

A

Allows you to react/response through muscles and glands

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8
Q

PNS- Somatic Nervous System SNS (part of PNS)

A

Ability to sense and respond to environment, mechanic in the body that allows that to happens

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9
Q

Make up of PNS

A

Somatic Nervous System PNS *****

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10
Q

The somatic nervous system contains sensory neurons

A
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11
Q

This study has moved away from looking at specific areas and now to

A

Networks

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12
Q

The brain is constantly producing —— even in adulthood and post debvelopment

A

cells

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13
Q

Neuron two main areas

A

Cell Body - soma
and the Axon

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14
Q

Neuron collect messages for the —- from neighbouring nurons

A

Soma

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15
Q

Genetic material in the nucleus of a neuron shapes —-

A

function

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16
Q

Insulating membrane controls the exchange of chemical substances in an out of the cell

A

Myelin Sheath

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17
Q

The centre of the soma or neuron is called the

A

Nucleus

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18
Q

The branch off the soma of a neron (insulated by the myelin sheath) is called the

A

Axon

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19
Q

Neurons require — to stay alive

A

biochemical structures

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20
Q

The branches that come out off the soma are called

A

Dendrites

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21
Q

Nueron axons conduct electrical impulses to

A

Other neurons/glands/muscles

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22
Q

Having many axon terminals allows a neuron to

A

permit a single neuron to pass messages to thousands of neurons

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23
Q

the transmission of neurotransmitters across the cell membrane can be measured and is important because it grants us the ability to use disgnostics such as

A

EEG etc in order to look at neural firing

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24
Q

Action potential is built up during

A

the transmission of neurotransmitters across the cell membrane

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25
Q

Action potential builds up and fires an impulses down the axon which allows for

A

interconnection between all areas of the brain

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26
Q

Nuerons are general local, they are not

A

long distance communication devices

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27
Q

most neurons talk to each other within a

A

hemisphere

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28
Q

Neurons are the

A

basic building blocks of the nervous system

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29
Q

Extimated 100 billion or trillion nueronsEsimated number of neurons we have is

A

upwards of 100 billion if not trillions

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30
Q

The cells that provide support for the neurons are called

A

Glial cells

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31
Q

Imagine a chocolate chip cookie, if the nurons are the chocolate chip the cookie is the

A

Glial cells

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32
Q

Glial cells

A

hold neurons in place, manufacture nutrient chemicals and absorb toxins and waste

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33
Q

Neurons generate —- and this creates ——- which ——-

A

Neurons generate electricity, and this creates nerve impulses (to fire action potentials down the line)

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34
Q

Neurons release chemicals that

A

facilitate communication and do various things

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35
Q

A neuron begins at —— resting potential

A

negative

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36
Q

The cell membrane of a neuron encloses

A

cytoplasm

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37
Q

The cytoplasm of a cell contains

A

Various Ions dissolved in it

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38
Q

neurons themselves are immersed in a salt solution called

A

Extracellular fluid

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39
Q

The ions of the cytoplasm consist mainly of positively charged potassium ions and large —– —— —– ——

A

negatively charged organic molecules (such as proteins)

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40
Q

Extracellular fluid contains

A

mostly positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions

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41
Q

Unstimulated, neurons maintain a constant electrical difference or “potential” across their cell membrane called

A

resting potential

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42
Q

The potential called resting potential is always —- inside the cell

A

negative (-40 to -90 millivolts)

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43
Q

The negative potential inside the neuron can be made —– or —- negative depending on the —–

A

more or less negative depending on the stimulus

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44
Q

If potential is made less negative it reaches a level called

A

Threshold and an action potential is triggered

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45
Q

During action potential the neuron suddenly becomes

A

20 - 50 milivolts positive inside (lasting a few millisecond)

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46
Q

After action potential is triggered the

A

cell restores its negative resting potential

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47
Q

since chraged particles cannot pass through the lipids that make up cell membranes

A

they must travel through channel protiens that extend through the membrane

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48
Q

In an unstimulated neuron only —– ions can cross the membrane

A

potassium

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49
Q

potassium ions, travel through specfic protiens called

A

potassium channels

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50
Q

Although sodium channels are also present in unstimulated nureon they are

A

closed

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51
Q

since only potassium ions can cross the membrane and are more concentrated inside the call

A

they diffuse out ofthe cell, leaving the large organically charged ions behind

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52
Q

As the potassium ions leave the cell, the inside of the cell becomes increasing

A

negative

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53
Q

because opposite charges attract, as potassium ions an electrical force develops that tends to pull them

A

back inside the neuron

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54
Q

At some point the diffusion of potassium ions outside the neuron due to concentration difference is balanced by the electrical attraction tending to pull them back inside, this is the point at which neurons reach

A

Resting potential

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55
Q

Reaching resting potential in this way does not require significant changes in

A

potassium concentration inside or outside the cell (only about 1/10,000 of the potassium ions initially inside a neuron must leave to create a resting potential of -60 millivolts

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56
Q

action potentials (not resting potentials) do what:

A

carry information through a nervous system

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57
Q

3 steps in the Activations of nerve impulses (nuerall impulse/action potential)

A
  1. Electronic Resting potential
  2. Neuron is stimulated and Action potential occurs
  3. Original ionic balance is restored, and the neuron returns to resting potential
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58
Q

There is a —– period where the neuron is silent and wont fire again for a period of time or until the threshold is built up again

A

refractory

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59
Q

Neuron is seperated from surrounding fluid by a

A

cell membrane

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60
Q

Substances can pass through a cell membrane using designated

A

ion channels

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61
Q

Inner ions are more negatively charged than the

A

surrounding ions

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62
Q

When a neuron is at rest it is

A

negatively charged

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63
Q

Positive sodium ions enter a neuron causing brief

A

depolarisation

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64
Q

the action of positively charge sodium ions entering the call membrane and causing depolarisation between the negaively and positively charged ions is what we measure using

A

EEG for example

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65
Q

Action potential is

A

the electrical shift when a neuron is stimulated

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66
Q

Resting potential….sodium flows in …. causing depolarisation between negative and positive, which will affect or reach the

A

Action potential Threshold

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67
Q

Once the action potential threshold is reached this triggers an

A

Action potential

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68
Q

After an action potential threshold is reached and thus the action potential is triggered the ——- ions flow ou

A

the potassium ions flow out

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69
Q

After an action potential, the potassium ions flow out which causes

A

Repolarisation (of the ions)

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70
Q

After and action potential and repolarisation of the ions a neuron will have a brief

A

refractory period where it remains silent until restimulated

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71
Q

After an action potential and before a return to resting potential, the neuron will have a brief

A

refractory period then return to resting potential

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72
Q

An action potential usually occurs in what measure of time

A

millisecond

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73
Q

Action potential threshold begins to come into play as the

A

neuron depolarises (the charge builds up in the neuron, potassium ions enter)

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74
Q

the charge builds up in the neuron because

A

potassium ions enter

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75
Q

The neuron cannot fire until it regains natural negative resting polarisation, this is achieved by the

A

Absolute refractory period

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76
Q

All or none law of a neuron

A

Action potential occur either at a uniform (maximum) intensity or not at all. Binary. (if it doesnt build up past the threshold, it just returns to its resting state, it does not fire at all. You do not get a weak or stong firing, you get firing or no firing)

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77
Q

Can a neuron transmit a weak signal if it does not reach the action potential threshold

A

No, An action potential either fires or it does not. If the Action potential is not reach, nothing happens.

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78
Q

We can have a summation of graded potential (charge below action potential threshold) come together to reach

A

Action potential threshold - trigger an action potential

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79
Q

Any change to resting potential that doesnt reach action potential thershold is called

A

Graded potential

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80
Q

Rules of Nureons

A

All or none
Action potential Threshold
Graded potential

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81
Q

We can have grade potentials (any charge) coming together to summatie into

A

firing (in certain circumstances)

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82
Q

Stochastic / Stochaticity

A

the quality of lacking any predictable order or plan. haphazardness, randomness, noise, irregularity - not characterized by a fixed principle or rate; at irregular intervals.

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83
Q

the threshold is not neccessarily always the

A

same (either graded potentials can add up or the thresholds can change and thus whether a neuron fires or not can actually be seen as a probabilistic function)

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84
Q

——- ——- refers to a function or process that involves randomness or uncertainty in its outcomes. Often used to model complex and uncertain behaviors.

A

probabilistic functions

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85
Q

Whether a neuron fires or not may be viewed as a

A

probabilistic function ( a function or process that involves randomness or uncertainty in its outcomes, often used to model complex and uncertain behaviours.)

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86
Q

Bayesian probability

A

is an interpretation of the concept of probability, in which, instead of frequency or propensity of some phenomenon, probability is interpreted as reasonable expectation representing a state of knowledge or as quantification of a personal belief. (ie. Bayesian probability is like using your personal knowledge and beliefs to make predictions, taking into account the information you have at the moment. It’s a way to put numbers to what you think is likely to happen based on what you know.)

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87
Q

Neurons touch each other, true or false

A

False (neurons do not touch)

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88
Q

Axon terminals and dendrites (branches of the soma) do not touch the space between (small interstitial space) them is called the

A

Synaptic space

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89
Q

Chemical substances that carry messages across the synaptic space to other muscles, neurons or glands are called

A

Neurotransmitters

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90
Q

The axon has branches to send the messages called axon terminals and at the send of each of these axon terminals is a

A

synaptic terminal

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91
Q

The neurons get close to each other but do not touch one another, this space is called the

A

Synapse (or synaptic cleft)

92
Q

There is a miniscule gap between the neurons called the

A

synaptic cleft

93
Q

In a communication what is the first neuron that is passing the message called

A

presynaptic neuron

94
Q

An axon terminal or synaptic terminal passes the message to a

A

dendrite (branch of the soma, neuron cell)

95
Q

The neuron that receives the message is the

A

post synaptic neuron

96
Q

The arrival of an action potential at the synaptic terminal causes the synaptic terminal to become

A

positively charged

97
Q

Once a synaptic terminal is positively charged (due to the arrival of the action potential) which releases

A

neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft (space)

98
Q

Neurotransmitters diffuse rapidly across the

A

synaptic cleft (space)

99
Q

When neurotransmitters are diffused across the synaptic cleft they then bind to the receptors of the membrane of the

A

dendrites (branches of the soma - or cell body) of the post synaptic cell (neuron)

100
Q

Each type of receptor in the post synaptic membrane binds to a

A

specific type neurotransmitter

101
Q
A
102
Q

after binding to a neurotransmitter the
receptor causes

A

specific types of ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane to open

103
Q

ion channels are opened, ions
flow across the cell membrane of the

A

postsynaptic neuron

104
Q

As ion channels are opened, ions
flow across the cell membrane of the postsynaptic neuron along their

A

along their
concentration gradient

105
Q

The flow of
ions into the postsynaptic neuron (across their conecentration gradients)

A

causes
a postsynaptic potential

106
Q

The flow of
ions into the postsynaptic neuron (across their conecentration gradients) causes
a postsynaptic potential in the

A

in the dendrites or cell body of the post synaptic cell

107
Q

depending on the
channel’s open and the ions that flow in
synaptic potentials can be either

A

Excitatory or Inhibitory

108
Q

excitatory synaptic potentials

A

make a neuron less negative
inside and more likely to fire an action
potential

109
Q

inhibitory synaptic potentials

A

making it more
negative and less likely to fire

110
Q

EPSP

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential

111
Q

IPSP

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

112
Q

a synapse that produces EPSPs in the
postsynaptic cell is called an

A

excitatory synapse

113
Q

the synapse
producing IPSPs is an

A

Inhibitory synapse

114
Q

postsynaptic potentials cannot travel
far and in a neuron, after a few millimeters
at most, the ions

A

leak back across the
membrane and the signal is lost.

115
Q

postsynaptic potentials travel
far enough to reach

A

the cell body (where
they determine whether or not an action
potential will be produced)

116
Q

Once a post synaptic potential reaches the cell body they determine

A

whether or not an action potential will be produced (if the threshold is reached)

117
Q

HOW NEURONS COMMUNICATE: STEP 1 synthesis

A

transmitter molecules are formed (they need to make a transmitter molecule to actually communicate)

118
Q

HOW NEURONS COMMUNICATE: STEP 2 storage

A

Transmitter molecules need to be stored in synaptic vesicle (in the axon terminals)

119
Q

HOW NEURONS COMMUNICATE: STEP 3 release

A

Action potential in one neuron triggers the release of transmitter molecules from the synaptic vesicles (across the gap/cleft)

120
Q

HOW NEURONS COMMUNICATE: STEP 4 BINDING

A

transmitter molecules bind themselves to receptor sites which are large protein molecules embedded in the receiving neurons cell membranes. (lock and key)

121
Q

Like a lock and key each neurotransmitter

A

fits in a specific receptor site in the next site

122
Q

Psychopharmacutical drugs can block certain

A

neurotranmitters

123
Q

Psychopharmacutical drugs can —– inhibit neurotransmitters

A

re-uptake inhibit neurotransmitters - (Reuptake - The reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter located along the plasma membrane of an axon terminal (i.e., the pre-synaptic neuron at a synapse) or glial cell after it has performed its function of transmitting a neural impulse.)

124
Q

The reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter located along the plasma membrane of an axon terminal (i.e., the pre-synaptic neuron at a synapse) or glial cell after it has performed its function of transmitting a neural impulse.

A

Reuptake

125
Q

HOW NEURONS COMMUNICATE: STEP 5 deactivation

A

Deactivation through reuptake or breakdown

126
Q

Neurons are also known as —- —- and are the ————–

A

Nerve cells, basic units of the nervous system

127
Q

we think, we feel, we hurt we want all through the silent processes of

A

Neurons

128
Q

Neurons do what:

A

carry information from cell to cell within the nervous system as well as to and from organ muscles and glands

129
Q

There are three types of neurons

A

sensory and motor neurons and interneurons

130
Q

Transmit information from sensory cells in the body called receptors (cells that recieve sensory information) to the brain, about sensors perceived

A

Sensory Neurons

131
Q

Sensory cells in the body

A

receptors

132
Q

Output is received by these nerve cells that connect other neurons with one another. These take up the vast majority of neurons in the brain and spinal cord

A

Interneurons

133
Q

receptor send information to the

A

brain

134
Q

Transmit commands from interneurons to the glands and muscles (most often through the spinal cord)

A

Motor Nuerons

135
Q

Motor neurons can carry out —– and —– actions

A

voluntary/involuntary

136
Q

Sensory neurons are sometimes called

A

Afferent nuerons

137
Q

Motor neurons are sometimes called

A

efferent neurons

138
Q

The cell body includes a —– which contains the genetic material of the cell ( the chromosomes)

A

Neucleus

139
Q

The axon of a neuron can be up to as long as

A

1metre

140
Q

The function of the Axon is to transmit information to

A

other neurons

141
Q

True or false Axons have two or more off shoots (collateral branches)

A

true

142
Q

The myelin sheath is primarily composed of

A

lipids

143
Q

The myelin sheath insulated the axon from physical and chemical stimuli which prevents

A

electrical impulses getting crossed

144
Q

The insulation of the myelin sheath also increases the

A

speed of transmission of messages

145
Q

babies have uncoordinated and slwo movements because

A

when we are born not all axons are myelinated. Transmitting impulses is slow and arduous

146
Q

an example of a demyelinating disease is

A

MS multiple sclerosis (degeneration of the Myelin sheath, causing issues for the nerves to send messages)

147
Q

At the end of an axon are

A

terminal buttons

148
Q

Terminal buttons send a signal from a neuron to an

A

adjacent cell

149
Q

connections between neurons occurs at the

A

synapses

150
Q

Elsewhere in the nervous system . neurons may send signals directly to

A

glads or muscles (rather than to other neurons)

151
Q

the interacting network that underlies underlies all psychological activity

A

Nervous system

152
Q

Carry sensory information from the sensory receptors to the CNS

A

Sensory Nuerons

153
Q

Transmit commands from the brain to glands and muscles

A

Motor Neurons

154
Q

Connect neurons with one another

A

interneurons

155
Q

Nuerons contain 3 parts

A

Cell body, Axon and dendrites

156
Q

Neurons connect at the

A

synapse

157
Q

At the synapse the the electrical charge from one neuron gets converted into a

A

chemical message (neurotransmitter)

158
Q

When the chemical message (neurotransmitter) is released into the synapse it alters the electrical charge of

A

the next neuron (PostSynaptic Neuron)

159
Q

When a neuron is at rest it is

A

polarised

160
Q

A neuron is polarised when

A

Inside the membrane has a negative charge and the fluid outside the cell has a positive charge

161
Q

Although we call it resting potential a neuron is never completely

A

at rest

162
Q

even when a neuron is resting it is

A

naturally letting some chemicals in and keeping others out

163
Q

What is the scientific expression of sodium

A

Na+

164
Q

What is the scientific expression of potassium

A

K+

165
Q

What is the scientific expression of Chloride

A

Cl-

166
Q

A small atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge is called an

A

ion

167
Q

A cell membrane typical IS or ISNT permeable to positive charged sodium ions

A

IS NOT

168
Q

because sodium sodium ions cannot easily get through the cell membrane they tend to

A

accumulate outside the cell/neuron

169
Q

The cell membrane IS or ISNT completely permeable to a variety of negatively charged protein ions inside the cell

A

IS completely impermeable

170
Q

As a result of the membrane being completely impermeable to negatively charged protein ions inside the cell the electrical charge is usually:

A

more negative on the inside than the outside of the cell

171
Q

We refer to it as potential because

A

the cell has stored up a source of energy, which has the potential to be used

172
Q

At resting potential the difference between the negatively charged inside and outside the neuron is about

A

-70 milivolts

173
Q

A volt is a standard measure of electricity and on millivolt is

A

one -thousandandth of a volt. So like a millimeter to a meter

174
Q

hyperpolarisation occurs when

A

the electrical difference increases both inside and outside the cell

175
Q

Voltage changes occur at the synapses along the neurons dendrites and the cell body and the then spread down the cell membrane like

A

ripples in a pond

176
Q

Spreading voltage changes that behave like “ripples in a pond” are called

A

Graded potential

177
Q

Graded potentials have 2 characteristics

A

Their strength diminished with distance and they are cumulative or additive

178
Q

The shift of polarity in polarity across the membrane and subsequent restoration of the resting potential is called

A

Action potential

179
Q

Depolarising the axon membrane means for a flicker of an instant the membrane is

A

totally permeable to positive sodium ions (from outside - the negative are inside)

180
Q

When the positive sodium ions pour in to a depolarised membrane, it caused the inside of the cell to become

A

positive (for a moment)

181
Q

The outpouring of the positive potassium ions (which has increased inside the cell due to depolarisation) causes the neuron to

A

to rapidly restore resting potential (polarisation)

182
Q

The firing of a neuron is called

A

Action potential

183
Q

action potential spreads down the axon to the

A

terminal buttons (axon terminals)

184
Q

unlike a graded potential an action potential is not

A

cumulative or additive

185
Q

Although action potentials seem more dramatic the prime mover behind psychological processes is

A

graded potential

186
Q

Create new information at a cellular level by allowing the cell to integrate information from multiple sources (multiple synapses)

A

Graded potential

187
Q

signal that can only pass along information already collected without changing it

A

Action potential

188
Q

When a neuron is stimulated by another its cell membrane is either

A

depolarised or hyperpolarised

189
Q

Na+ cannot enter, or is actively pumped out, the cell is negatively charged

A

Resting state

190
Q

Na+ enters the call body making it less negatively charged

A

Depolarisation

191
Q

after depolarisation caused by positive sodium (Na+) flowing in, then the ——– flows out returning the cell to depolarisation

A

positive potassium (K+)

192
Q

Action potentional causes terminal buttons/axon terminals to

A

release neurotransmitters into the synaptic ceft

193
Q

If the change in the axon voltage surpasses a threshold, the axon suddenly lets in a surge of

A

Na+ Positive Sodium

194
Q

Depending on the facilitating or inhibatory nature of the neurotransmitter released, the voltage of the cell membrane receiving the message becomes

A

depolarised or hyper polarised and the process repeats

195
Q

Within the terminal buttons/axon terminals there are small sacs that contain neurotransmitters called

A

Synaptic vesicles

196
Q

Once in the synaptic cleft neurotransmitters bind with protein molecules called

A

receptors

197
Q

When a receptor binds with a neurotransmitter that fits it - in both molecular structure and electrical charge - the chemical balance of the postsynaptic cell changes, producing a

A

graded potential - a ripple in a neuronal pond

198
Q

Neurotransmitter that depolarises a postsynaptic cell making an action potential more likely

A

Excitatory Neurotransmitter

199
Q

hyperpolarisation of the membrane (more negative and mor positive) reduces the likelihood a neuron will fire

A

Inhibitory Nuerotransmitter

200
Q

True or false - A neuron can release more than one neurotransmitter

A

True - affecting the cells in which its connected in various ways

201
Q

Some neurotransmitters are released into a specific synapse and

A

only affect the neuron at the other end

202
Q

Some neurotransmitters have a wide radius of impact and

A

stay active for much longer, once released they find their way into multiple synapses where they can affect any neuron within reach with the appropraite chemicals in its membrane

203
Q

researchers have discovered more than ——- chemical substances that can transmit messages between neurons

A

100

204
Q

The effect of a neurotransmitter depends on the —– it fits

A

receptor

205
Q

neurotransmitters can activated different receptors depending —— the receptor is —–

A

where the receptor is located

206
Q

The impact of a neurotransmitter depends less on the neurotransmitter rather than the

A

receptor it unlocks

207
Q

Some neurotransmitters can have an excitatory effect at one synapse and

A

inhibitory at another

208
Q

excitatory NT, memory formation, synaptic plasticity and learning

A

Glutamate

209
Q

Abnormanly High concentrations of glutamate is called

A

excitotoxicity

210
Q

Inhibatory NT, particularly important in regulating anxiety

A

GABA

211
Q

GABA

A

gamma-aminobutyric

212
Q

Dugs such as alcohol and valium bind with the receptors of this neurotransmitter that tend to reduce anxiety

A

GABA

213
Q

NT that has a wide ranging affect on the nervous system including thought feeling and motivation and behaviour, movement and decision making and may play a part in addiction and depression

A

dopamine

214
Q

The blood-brain barrier results occur because large molecules have

A

difficulty entering because the cells in the blood-brain barrier are so tightly packed

215
Q

NT involved in regulating mood, sleep, eating , arousal and pain

A

Seretonin

216
Q

Decreased seretonin is related to

A

severe depression

217
Q

Some anti depressants work by

A

increasing serotonin

218
Q

Some NT can be boosted by external circumstances that arent pharmacuetical such as

A

exersize, sunlight, socialising, diet

219
Q

Seretonin usually plays a —– role

A

inhibitory

220
Q

NT involved in learning and memory

A

Acetylcholine

221
Q

A study on patients with Alziehmers disease shows they had deplete

A

ACh Acetylcholine

222
Q

NT that elevates mood and reduces pain

A

endorphins (endogenous morphine) within the body painkiller

223
Q

Opium and morphine bind to —– receptors

A

endorphine

224
Q
A
225
Q

PNS contains

A

all neural structures that are outside the brain and spinal cord

226
Q
A
227
Q

PNS

A

Periphereal Nervous System

Psychology 1A (14 decks)

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