Research Methods WEEK 2

Question 1

The degree to which two variables are related

Answer 1

Correlation

Question 2

quantifies the association between the two variables ranging from -1.0 to +1.0.

Answer 2

Correlation CoEfficient

Question 3

A correlation of 0 means

Answer 3

the two variables are unrelated

Question 4

A high correlation of close to -1.0 or +1.0 means

Answer 4

a participant’s score on one variable is a good predictor of the other

Question 5

Correlation does not imply —–

Answer 5

imply causation

Question 6

A systematic way of organising and explaining observations

Answer 6

Theory

Question 7

Keeping procedures and methods the same

Answer 7

Standardised procedures

Question 8

A valid design has ——- validity

Answer 8

internal validity

Question 9

applicability to situations outside the laboratory is called —— ——–

Answer 9

External validity

Question 10

To be generaliasable a study must have both

Answer 10

Internal Validity (A valid design)
and
External Validity (applicable outside the lab)

Question 11

A measure that produces consistent results is called a —— ——-

Answer 11

Reliable Measure

Question 12

A measure that accurately measures and assesses the construct it is intended to measure

Answer 12

Valid Measure

Question 13

experiments or surveys that provide data that can be quantified, tabulated summarised and analysed are referred to as what type of research:

Answer 13

Quantative Research

Question 14

Type of research that Explores a topic through methods such as interviews observation and case studies

Answer 14

Qualitative Research

Question 15

Type of research that describes phenomena that already exists rather than manipulating variables. Unlike experiments , cannot unambiguously establish causation

Answer 15

Descriptive Research

Question 16

In depth observation of a group or person

Answer 16

Case study

Question 17

In-depth observation of a phenomena in its natural setting, outside the labaratory

Answer 17

Naturalistic Observation

Question 18

Asking a large sample of people questions through interviews and questionaires

Answer 18

Survey Research

Question 19

Manipulation of some aspect of the an experimental situation

Answer 19

Independant Variable

Question 20

This component of a study helps to examine the impact on the way participants respond, in order to to assess cause and effect

Answer 20

Dependant variables

Question 21

Experiment steps (6) FODSAD

Answer 21

1. Framing hypothesis
2. Operationalising variables
3. Developing a standardised procedure
4. Selecting and assigning participants
5. Apply statistical techniques
6. Drawing conclusions

Question 22

Series of principals of ethics and professional practice

Answer 22

Code Of Ethics

Question 23

An experiment or study is …… if it can produce the same results when repeated

Answer 23

Replicable

Question 24

Making logical and rational assessments of inormation

Answer 24

Critical Thinking

Question 25

A tentative belief about the relationship between two variables. Predicts the findings if a theory is correct

Answer 25

hypothesis

Question 26

Research is given high reliability if it can be

Answer 26

replicated or repeated

Question 27

A variable that can be placed on a continuum - such as the degree of optimisim, intelligence or shyness is called a

Answer 27

Continuous variable

Question 28

Grouping or catagories of variables, can not be placed on a continuum, ie where someone was born or currently lives

Answer 28

Categorical variable

Question 29

A subset of people, men, kids under 5, virgos

Answer 29

A population

Question 30

Subgroup that is likely to be representative of the population

Answer 30

Sample

Question 31

Individuals who are used in the study

Answer 31

participant / subject

Question 32

A representative sample contributes to the ------ of a studys conclusions

Answer 32

generalisability

Question 33

When the sample is not representative of the population as a whole this creates a

Answer 33

sample bias

Question 34

tendancy of a test to yeild relatively similar scores for the same individual over time

Answer 34

Retest Reliability

Question 35

a measure based on the correlations between different items on the same test (or the same subscale on a larger test). It measures whether several items that propose to measure the same general construct produce similar scores.

Answer 35

Internal consistency

Question 36

Measures the degree to which the item measures a single construct. Asking the same question different ways

Answer 36

Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha)

Question 37

If two people observing are making similar or different observations (reliability)

Answer 37

Inter-rater reliability

Question 38

Hypotheses are tested using experimentation and observation in order to further understand a topic, rigorous testing of a theory, using methods other researchers can replicate

Answer 38

scientific approach

Question 39

Three main goals of the scientific approach - DPU

Answer 39

Description, Prediction and Understanding

Question 40

Cause and Effect

Answer 40

Causation

Question 41

Casuation can be demonstated by proving the

Answer 41

manipulation of of one variable leads to a predicted change in the another

Question 42

Indipendant variables are outside of the particpants .....

Answer 42

control ( independent of their actions)

Question 43

Because the participants reactions depend on their exposure to the independant variable these responses are known as

Answer 43

dependant variables

Question 44

The experimenter manipulates the -------variable

Answer 44

independent

Question 45

The variable the experimenter measures to see whether the experimental manipulation had an effect is called the ------varible

Answer 45

dependant

Question 46

In order for a measure to be Valid it also MUST be

Answer 46

reliable

Question 47

The way a participants perceptions of the researchers goals influence their responses are known as

Answer 47

demand characteristics

Question 48

Variables that can produce confusing effects

Answer 48

Confounding variables

Question 49

describing findings in a a way that summarises their essential features

Answer 49

Descriptive Statics

Question 50

Drawing inferences from the sample to the population as whole.

Answer 50

Inferential statistics

Question 51

the goal of inferential statistics is to see if

Answer 51

the manipulation of the independent variable had a meaningful impact on the participants

Question 52

evaluating is a hypothesis is supported or not

Answer 52

Drawing conclusions

Question 53

How consistent the outcome of the measuring tool is

Answer 53

Reliability

Question 54

How well a tool measures what it is supposed to measure

Answer 54

Validity

Question 55

Gold standard research as it can determine cause and effect

Answer 55

Experimental research

Question 56

The variable that is being changed or manipulated

Answer 56

Independent Variable

Question 57

The variable that is being measured or observed

Answer 57

Dependant variable

Question 58

May influence the dependant variable without intention

Answer 58

Extraneous variable

Question 59

Research that Describes phenomena as they already exist rather than manipulating variables (Experimental)

Answer 59

Descriptive Research

Question 60

An indepth observation of a person or group

Answer 60

case study

Question 61

A representative sample

Answer 61

Stratified sample

Question 62

CAT

Answer 62

Computerised Axial Tomography

Question 63

MRI

Answer 63

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Question 64

fMRU

Answer 64

functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging visually indicates the parts of the brain that are lighting up