Sleep WEEK 4

Question 1

What purpose does sleep serve?

Answer 1

Restore and repair brain tissue, consolidate memories, help us physically grow, creative thinking, problem solving, protective (out of harms way for the night)

Question 2

Stages Of Sleep

Answer 2

1-4 Non REM (Stage 3 and 4 slow wave sleep or Delta sleep)

Question 3

States Of Sleep

Answer 3

REM and Non REM

Question 4

Cycle through the stages

Answer 4

approx every 90mins

Question 5

A newborn typically sleeps —% of a 24day

Answer 5

70% (and typically results in 450-500 hours of sleep lost for parents)

Question 6

Australians sleep an average of

Answer 6

8hrs a day

Question 7

We currentky sleep, on average ….hr less per night than we did 100 years ago

Answer 7

1.5hrs

Question 8

The hormone associated with preparing the body for sleep

Answer 8

Melatonin

Question 9

As people tend to get olde they require more or less sleep?

Answer 9

Sleep

Question 10

Too much or lack of sleep is reported to

Answer 10

increase risk of death or ill health

Question 11

Young adults sleeping less than 5 hours of sleep a night triple their chances of developing

Answer 11

mental illness

Question 12

The cycle of sleep and waking in humans and other animals, like the ebb and flow of body temperature,
hormones and other life support processes, is a

Answer 12

circadian rhythm.

Question 13

Etymology of circadian rythym

Answer 13

Latin, circa, meaning ‘about’, and diem, meaning ‘day’

Question 14

cyclical biological process that evolved aroundthe daily cycles of light and dark.

Answer 14

Circadian Rhythm

Question 15

controlled largely by the hypothalamus but are influenced by light and
dark.

Answer 15

Human circadian rhythms are

Question 16

What controls human circadian rhythms, and how are they influenced by light and dark?

Answer 16

primarily by the hypothalamus, and influenced by light and dark.

Question 17

What hormone does the pineal gland produce, and how does it affect the body?

Answer 17

melatonin during periods of darkness.

Question 18

Long-term sleep
deprivation reduces the functioning of the

Answer 18

Immune system

Question 19

Rats deprived of sleep die after (time)

Answer 19

2 or 3 weeks

Question 20

Research suggests that ——- is associated with impaired immune and motor function and psychological problems such as memory and attention deficits.

Answer 20

sleep deprivation

Question 21

This neurotransmitter plays an inhibitory role in the brain, shutting down
the systems that normally lead to arousal and hence fostering sleep when awake
too long.

Answer 21

adenosine

Question 22

inability to sleep, affects
virtually everyone at some point, but for some people it is a chronic problem.

Answer 22

Insomnia

Question 23

Second most medical complaint

Answer 23

Insomnia

Question 24

Almost 10 percent of australians admit to taking this measure, of that 10 percent a third of them do this nightly

Answer 24

Use Sleeping tablets

Question 25

What can happen when using sleeping pills?

Answer 25

Using sleeping pills can lead to more trouble sleeping rather than less. This is because the person may become dependent on them, or the brain can develop a tolerance, requiring higher doses to achieve the same sleep-inducing effect

Question 26

People spend how much of their life asleep?

Answer 26

One Third - 25 years

Question 27

The sleep cycle is governed by

Answer 27

Circadian rhythms

Question 28

sleep appears to be involved in

Answer 28

restoration and maintenance of bodily processes such as homoeostasis, immune functioning and consolidation of memory

Question 29

as people move from a waking state through deeper stages of sleep, their brainwaves become ...(speed)

Answer 29

slower and more rhythmic

Question 30

normal waking brain activity has an irregular pattern with a high mental activity level, evidenced in a large number of cycles per second known as .... (waves)

Answer 30

beta waves

Question 31

As people close their eyes and relax, signalling a slowing of mental activity and a transition into sleep, would display (Waves)

Answer 31

alpha waves

Question 32

Beta Waves

Answer 32

Alert Awake

Question 33

Theta Waves

Answer 33

Stage 1 sleep, brief (only a few minutes), marked by slower theta waves

Question 34

In which sleep stage do Physiological changes shift from drowsiness into sleep as eye movements slow,muscles relax and blood pressure drops, bringing the body into a calm, quiet state.

Answer 34

Stage 1 (Theta Waves)

Question 35

Which sleep stage is marked by an EEG pattern of slightly larger waves interrupted by bursts of low amplitude activity (called sleep spindles) and slow, high-amplitude waves called K-complexes

Answer 35

Stage 2 (During stage 2, sleep deepens, as alpha activity disappears.)

Question 36

When delta waves comprise more than 50 percent of recorded brain activity, the person has entered stage .....

Answer 36

stage 4 sleep.

Question 37

What stage sleep is marked by some large, slow, rhythmic delta waves, but less than 50% delta waves

Answer 37

Stage 3 sleep

Question 38

Together, stages 3 and 4 constitute what is called

Answer 38

delta sleep

Question 39

Delta Sleep comprises of which 2 stages

Answer 39

Stage 3 and 4 sleep

Question 40

a deep sleep characterised by relaxed muscles,decreased rate of respiration and slightly lower body temperature.

Answer 40

Delta Sleep (Stage 4)

Question 41

People aroused from this sleep wave are groggy and disoriented. During this sleep state, muscles apparently rest and rejuvenate, since people deprived of it frequently complain of muscle aches and tension.

Answer 41

delta sleep

Question 42

Delta sleep or Stage 3 and 4 are followed by which sleep stage

Answer 42

REM sleep

Question 43

What happens after Delta sleep in the sleep cycle?

Answer 43

After Delta sleep, there is a qualitatively different stage called (REM) sleep in which the eyes begin to dart around, This stage occurs after a reversal of sleep stages from Stage 4 through Stages 3 and 2.

Question 44

stages 1 to 4 are often collectively called

Answer 44

non-REM (NREM)

Question 45

What happens to the body during REM sleep?

Answer 45

uring REM sleep, autonomic activity increases, leading to quicker pulse and blood pressure, faster and irregular respiration. Both males and females may exhibit signs of sexual arousal that can last for several minutes. However, muscle movement is largely "turned off" during this stage, resulting in temporary muscle paralysis or atonia.

Question 46

The EEG during REM sleep resembles the irregular, faster pattern of

Answer 46

waking life, suggesting that, although the body is not moving, the brain is quite active.

Question 47

The mental activity that occurs during REM sleep is

Answer 47

dreaming (Dreaming also occurs during NREM sleep, but less frequently)

Question 48

PET studies find that the pons, thalamus and amygdala, are active during REM sleep Visual association as well as areas in the occipital and temporal lobes, which are active when people form mental images and identify objects, what has been found to not be active?

Answer 48

the primary visual cortex

Question 49

dreams are often highly emotional because the ....... is very active

Answer 49

amygdala is very active

Question 50

dreamers can uncritically accept bizarre story lines — because the ........ involved in critical thinking and social judgement are shut off during dreaming.

Answer 50

frontal circuits

Question 51

After a period of REM sleep, the person descends again through stage 2 and on to

Answer 51

delta sleep.

Question 52

A complete cycle of REM and NREM sleep occurs about every

Answer 52

90 minutes (However, as the night progresses, the person spends less of the 90 minutes in delta sleep and more in REM sleep)

Question 53

Rapid eye movement sleep recurs four or five times a night and accounts for about ---% percent of all timeasleep

Answer 53

25

Question 54

As the night progresses, the person spends less time in deeper sleep and more time in

Answer 54

REM sleep.

Question 55

Question: What did Freud believe about dreams?

Answer 55

Freud believed dreams have meaning and need interpretation.

Question 56

Freud: Question: Why are dreams often vague and illogical?

Answer 56

Dreams come from the irrational and wishful unconscious mind.

Question 57

FREUD: Question: How do unconscious processes work in dreams?

Answer 57

Unconscious processes in dreams are associative, not logical.

Question 58

freud: Question: How can the latent content of a dream be uncovered?

Answer 58

The dreamer free-associates thoughts, and the dream analyst traces associations.

Question 59

Question: What is the underlying meaning of most dreams according to Freud?

Answer 59

Freud believed most dreams reflect unconscious wishes, often sexual or aggressive.

Question 60

Question: What do contemporary psychodynamic psychologists believe about dream content?

Answer 60

They think dream content can be any emotionally pressing concern, not just sexual or aggressive wishes.

Question 61

Question: What is the central aspect of the psychodynamic approach to dreaming?

Answer 61

The psychodynamic approach sees dreams as associative thought with emotional significance, requiring interpretation due to the lack of rational thought processes.

Question 62

According to Freud, unconscious processes are associative processes. Thus, ideas are connected by their relationship to one another along networks of association, not by

Answer 62

logic

Question 63

THE COGNITIVE VIEW SEES DREAMS AS

Answer 63

COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS THAT REFLECTS THE CONCERNS AND METAPHORS PEOPLE EXPRESS IN THEIR WAKING THOUGHT

Question 64

cognitive view sees dreams as just a

Answer 64

form of thought, possibly even problem solving

Question 65

Empirical research supports the view that dreams are related to

Answer 65

current concerns

Question 66

People who record higher well being report fewer

Answer 66

nightmares

Question 67

Feelings of stress is reported to increase

Answer 67

the frequency and intensity of nightmares

Question 68

BIOLOGICAL VIEW Some dream researchers argue that dreams are biological phenomena that

Answer 68

serve no meaning at all

Question 69

BIOLOGICAL VIEW According to one such theory dreams reflect cortical interpretations of random neural signals initiated in the midbrain during REM sleep. These signals are relayed through the thalamus to the visual and association cortexes, which try to understand this information in their usual way — namely, by using existing knowledge structures known as

Answer 69

(schemas) to process the information

Question 70

BIOLOGICAL VIEW Sleep appears to be involved in the consolidation of .

Answer 70

memory

Question 71

Memories for newly learned material are stronger after eight hours of sleep than after

Answer 71

eight hours of wakefulness

Question 72

The interpretive processes that occur at the cortical level involve the same structures of meaning—

Answer 72

schemas, associational networks and emotional processes —

Question 73

The cognitive perspective suggests that dreams are the outcome of cognitive processes and that theircontent

Answer 73

reflects the concerns andmetaphors people express in their waking cognition

Question 74

Another points to the role of sleep and dreaming in memory consolidation, as the hippocampus and cortex work together to consolidate memories and then

Answer 74

‘wipe the slate clean’ in the hippocampus

Question 75

60% of a nights sleep is spent in

Answer 75

stage 2 sleep

Question 76

a possible explaination for feeling half a wake and half asleep before sleep may be due to

Answer 76

the hyothalmus going to sleep before the rest of the brain

Question 77

The desire to sleep increases as

Answer 77

sleep pressure increases due to duration of awake time

Question 78

These substances slow down the central nervous system, leading to relaxation, sedation, and reduced brain activity. Examples include alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates.

Answer 78

Depressants