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Anatomy 25 > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic functions of muscle?

A
  1. Voluntary body movement
  2. Stability of support
  3. Movement of blood, food, urine
  4. Control of body openings and passages
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2
Q

What are the 4 properties of muscle tissue and why are they important?

A
  1. Excitability - change electrical state
  2. Contractility - to shorten in length
  3. Extensibility - to stretch in length
  4. Elasticity - to return to original shape
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3
Q

What is action potential?

A

The change in voltage of a cell membrane in response to a stimulus that allows it to do something

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4
Q

What does a relaxed muscles have?

A

Resting membrane potential

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5
Q

List the layers of connective tissue around a muscle from deep to superficial

A
  1. Endomysium - loose CT covering that surrounds each muscle fiber
  2. Perimysium - CT covering that bundles skeletal muscle fibers into fasicles
  3. Epimysium - Outer CT layer that surrounds skeletal muscle
  4. Fascia - dense CT layer that covers and separates groups of muscles
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6
Q

At least how many attachment sites does a muscle have?

A

Two: origin and insertion

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7
Q

Origin

A

Anchoring end of a muscle, usually proximal-most. Doesn’t move, pulls muscle toward it.

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8
Q

Where do muscles pull toward?

A

The origin

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9
Q

Belly (of a muscle)

A

Midsection, central bulky body of muscle that contracts

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10
Q

Insertion

A

Opposite end of origin, the end that pulls

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11
Q

Tendon

A

Dense cord-like CT structure that anchors muscle to a bone

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12
Q

Aponeurosis

A

A sheet of CT that anchors muscles to each other or to bone

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13
Q

What is true about muscles that span a joint?

A

The origin is on one side and the insertion is on the other

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14
Q

Prime Mover (Agonist)

A

Produces the most force during a joint action

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15
Q

Synergist

A

Adds force to a movement with the prime mover

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16
Q

Antagonist

A

Opposes or reverse motion of the prime mover

17
Q

Fixator

A

Synergist that immobilizes bone at muscle’s origin

18
Q

List the criteria for naming a muscle

A

Associated bone or body region
Shape
Muscle action
Relative size
Number of origina
Direction of muscle fibers
Location of origin or insertion

19
Q

Sacrolemma

A

Plasma membrane of muscle cell

20
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of the muscle cell
glycogen storage form of glucose
myoglobin protein to store oxygen

21
Q

Myofibrilis

A

Long cylindrical strands of connective proteins

22
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

A smooth ER that stores Ca ions

23
Q

T-tubules

A

Inward projections of sarcolemma that tunnel into a cell, carries the electrical signal from the neuromuscular junction to sarcolemma, causing release of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum

24
Q

Terminal Cisternae

A

Enlarges areas of SR around the T-tubules

25
Q

Triad

A

One T-tubule bordered by two terminal cisternae

26
Q

Myosin

A

Protein if a thick filament, grabs actin to shorten sarcolemma and contract the muscle

27
Q

Actin

A

Protein of thin filament that contains binding sites for myosin

28
Q

Troponin

A

Regulatory protein that binds actin, tropomyosin and calcium

29
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Regulatory protein that covers myosin-binding sites on actin

30
Q

What are the contractile proteins that make sarcomere?

A

z-disc anchors thin filaments at the ends of the sarcomere
thick filament the center
thin filamenrs attach at z-disc and extend toward the center

31
Q

Sarcomere

A

Longitudinally repeating contractile units of skeletal muscle

32
Q

Motor Unit

A

A motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers that it innervates

33
Q

Somatic motor neurons

A

Control skeletal muscular contractions

34
Q

What does a muscle need to contract?

A

A signal

35
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical released by a neuron to control target cells

36
Q

What is the neurotransmitter that stimulates a muscle contraction?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

37
Q

What breaks down ACh?

A

A-cetyl-cho-lin-este-rase

38
Q

What is the relationship between motor unit size and muscle force?

A

Size matters: it determines the amount of control. It is possible to recruit more units for stronger muscle contractions

Anatomy 25 (17 decks)

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