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Anatomy 25 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

List the 5 general functions of bones

A
  1. Support
  2. Protect Internal Organs (axial)
  3. Facilitate Movement (appendicular)
  4. Make blood cells
  5. Release & Store minerals and fats
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2
Q

List the 5 classes of bones

A
  1. Long - longer than they are wide, facilitate movement
  2. Short - cube-like, provide stability and support
  3. Flat - thin plates that protect internal organs
  4. Irregular - Varied shapes, protect internal organs
  5. Sesamoid - have varied shapes and protect tendons
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3
Q

List the 4 structural components of an osteon

A
  1. Central canal - carries nerves and blood vertically
  2. Concentric lamellae - circular rings of bone around the central canal
  3. Lacunae (look like bugs) - spaces for osteocytes
  4. Canaliculi (the bug’s legs) - link lacunae together
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4
Q

What are the gross anatomy features of long bones?

A
  1. Diaphysis (central portion) acts as lever for body movement
  2. Medullary Cavity (hollow interior) contains yellow marrow
  3. Epiphysis/Epiphyses (end regions) contains spongy bone and red marrow
  4. Epiphysial line - ossified remnant of epiphyseal plate
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5
Q

Periosteum

A

Fibrous outer membrane that covers tendons and ligaments

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6
Q

Endosteum

A

Delicate membrane lining the medullary cavity

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7
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

A layer of hyaline cartilage reducing friction and absorbing shocks (at points of articulation)

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8
Q

Why do bones need osteons?

A

Osteons provide blood, which keeps bones alive.

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9
Q

Why doesn’t all compact bone have osteons?

A

Thinner compact bones can get nutrients from periosteum and endosteum instead

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10
Q

What two aspects of bone structure can be studied to understand bone function?

A

Structure and ______

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11
Q

What features of bird bones allow them to fly?

A

Slender, elongated, thin bones with thin cortical walls

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12
Q

What are the 2 major components of bone extracellular matrix and what do they do?

A

collagen for flexiblity and calcium ions to resist compression

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13
Q

What are the two kinds of bone marrow?

A

Red, forms blood cells and the precursor to the immune system

Yellow, stores fat cells

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14
Q

What is the difference between cortical bone and cancellous bone?

A

Cortical is hard, calcaneous is cancellous

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15
Q

List the three major bone cells and their functions

A
  1. Osteogenic Cells are stem cells that develop osteoblasts
  2. Osteoblasts are reaponsible for forming new bine matrix by releasing calcium and collagen
  3. Osteocytes get trapped inside the lacunae in the bone to maintain the extracellular matrix
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16
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Absorb old bone matrix by creating an absorption pit

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17
Q

Bone Remodeling

A

Removes old bone and deposits new bone to repair injuries or adapt to disuses

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18
Q

What are the two main forms of bone development?

A

Intramembranous ossification is the process by which bone develops withon sheets of connective tossue

Endochondral Ossification is the process in which bone replaces hyaline cartilage (most bones, esp. long bones created this way)

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19
Q

What are the 8 steps of endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Model Embryonic cells develop into chondrocytes and construct a hyaline cartilage model
  2. Middle Out The matrix in diaphysis region begins to calcify
  3. Fill ‘er Up blood vessels penetrate the calcified cartilage and carry osteogenic cells into the model
  4. Cap the Ends materix in epiphysis region begins to calcify
  5. Fill the Ends same as 3
  6. Plates **the ephiphylial plate is created between the ephysis and diaphysis
  7. Grow cartilage growth at epiphyseal plate allows bones to lengthen
  8. End of the Line Epiphysial line forma when cartilage is completely replaced by bone
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20
Q

List the 5 Zones of the epiphyseal plate

A
  1. Zone of reserve - secures cartilage to ephysis
  2. Zone of proliferation - cells divide and organize into columns like pros
  3. Zone of maturation - aka hypertrophy, where cells grow and divide
  4. Zone of calcification - chondorcytes die and cartilage calcifies
  5. Zone of ossification - cartilage is replaced by bone
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21
Q

What are the two regions of the skeleton?

A

Axial the head and trunk

Appendicular the limbs

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22
Q

What is the name for the collection of bones that protect the brain, middle, and inner ear structures?

A

Cranial

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23
Q

What is the name for the collection of bones that form the face, nasal cavity, orbits, and teeth?

A

Facial

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24
Q

How does the size of a muscle influence the attachment sight of a bone?

A

The bigger the bigger

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25
Q

Styloid Process

A

Landmark on the temporal bone;
A slender projection for tongue and larynx

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26
Q

Mastoid Process

A

Temporal Bone landmark; a large projection for the attachment of neck muscles

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27
Q

External acoustic meatus

A

Temporal bone landmark;
A passage for sound to reach the middle ear

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28
Q

Zygomatic Arch

A

Temporal bone landmark;
A horizontal bar connecting to the zygomatic bone : attachment site for chewing

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29
Q

Olfactory Foramen

A

Ethnoid landmark; coral-looking hole dor olfactory nerves to move into the nasal passage

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30
Q

Crista Galli

A

Ethnoid landmark; ridge-like projection for attachment of membranes that cover the brain

31
Q

Sella turcica

A

Sphenoid landmark; a saddle-shaped depression that houses the pituitary gland

32
Q

Foramen Rotundum

A

Sphenoid landmark; round hole for branch of trigemin nerves connecting to maxillary branch

33
Q

Foramen Ovale

A

Sphenoid landmark; posterior relative to f. rotundum, hole for the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

34
Q

Internal Acoustic Meatus

A

Temporal landmark; passage for vestibulo-cochlear and facial nerves

35
Q

Hypoglossal canal

A

Occipital landmark; small holes on sides of spinal column

36
Q

Vulmar

A

Small bine in sphenoid behind maxillary

37
Q

Mandibular fossa

A

Temporal landmark; depression that allows for articulation of the mandible

38
Q

Carotid canal

A

Temporal landmark; passage for internal carotid artery to supply blood to the brain

39
Q

Jugular Foramen

A

Temporal landmark; near occipital bone, passage for jugular vein , vagus, and accessory nerves

40
Q

Occipital Condyle

A

Occipital landmark; oval-shaped knob that allows articulation with the C1 vertebrae

41
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

Occipital landmark; Large hole for spinal cord and vertebral arteries

42
Q

External occipital protuberance

A

Occipital landmark; Raised area for connection of trapezius muscle

43
Q

Superior Orbital Fissure

A

Sphenoid landmark; a gap visible through the orbit (eyehole) for nerves involved in eye movement

44
Q

Optic Canal

A

Sphenoid Landmark; passage for the optic nerve. Small hole medial relative to the superior orbital fissure

45
Q

Inferior Orbital Fissure

A

Sphenoid landmark; lower gap vosible through orbit that allows passage of zygomatic nerve

46
Q

Nasal Conchae

A

Ethnoid landmark; Three curved projections that increase nasal surface

47
Q

Condyloid Process

A

Mandibular landmark; knob-like projection that articulates with temporal zone (posterior most superior part of mandible)

48
Q

Coronoid Process

A

Mandibular landmark; Knob-like projection for chewing muscles to attach: anterior relative to the condyloid process

49
Q

Mandibular Foramen

A

Mandibular landmark; opening for mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (posterior hole)

50
Q

Mental Foramen

A

Mandibular landmark; anterior hole, opening for nerve sensation to the chin

51
Q

What structures need to be able to move in to and out of the skull?

A

Nerves, arteries, and veins

52
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses (in what bones are they found?)

A
  1. Frontal sinus
  2. Ethnoidal sinus
  3. Maxillary Sinus
  4. Sphenoidal sinus
53
Q

What are the 4 sutures?

A
  1. Coronal suture connects frontal and parietal bones
  2. Sagital suture connects parietal bones to one another
    3 Lamboid suture connects occipita to parietals
  3. Squamous suture connects temporarl bones to parietal bones
54
Q

What is the functional importance of fontanelles?

A

To accommodate brain growth and squeezing through the birth canal

55
Q

Why do sperm whales have a higher mineral content in their ear bones?

A

They are put under greater forces, like pressure

56
Q

What are the 6 auditory ossicles?

A

The left malleus, incus, and stapes & the right Malleus, Incus, and Stapes

57
Q

Hyoid

A

A u-shaped bone in the neck that serves as the base for tongue muscles

58
Q

What are the five regions of the vertebral column from superior to inferior?

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Cocyx

59
Q

Supraspinous Process

A

Vertebra; a posterior projection for muscle attachment

60
Q

Transverse processes

A

Vertebra; latera projections

61
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Vertebra, the hole that aloes the spinal column

62
Q

What is the cancellous bone anterior part of a vertebra called?

A

The body

63
Q

Superior Articular Process

A

Vertebra; connects with inferior process on vertebra above it to form a joint

64
Q

Inferior articular process

A

Vertebra, the space between vertebrae

65
Q

Intervertebral foramen

A

Opening between adjacent vertebrae for the spinal nerve

66
Q

Intrevertebral discs

A

Fibrocartilage pads that provide cushioning and enable movement of vertebrae

67
Q

What vertebrae can one expect to have the largest bodies?

A

Lumbar, because they have to withstand more force

68
Q

How does osteoporosis negatively affect bone health?

A

Vertebral bodies collapse as vertebrae deteriorate

69
Q

Our ribs are associated with which vertebrae?

A

Thoracic

70
Q

Landmarks of the sternum

A
  1. Manubrium; broad superior-most part
  2. Body; long middle section
  3. Xyphoid process; inferior most region
71
Q

Suprastenal notch

A

Depression on superiormost part of the manubrium

72
Q

Sternal angle

A

The boundary between the manubrium and body if the sternum

73
Q

Costal Cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage connecting ribs to sternum; increases flexibility of thorax

74
Q

What are the varieties of rib?

A
  1. True ribs; connected to the sternum
  2. False ribs; inferior to true, no direct connection
  3. Floating ribs; false ribs that do not connect at all

Anatomy 25 (17 decks)

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