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Muscular System (Wray) Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Homeostasis: definition

A

relies on stimulus/response system

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2
Q

Homeostasis Levels

A
  1. pH: 7.35 - 7.45
  2. Temp: 37 C +- 0.5 C
  3. Blood glucose: 90 - 100 mg/dL
  4. Ca: 8.5 - 11 mg/dL
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3
Q

Homeostasis: Set Point

A

stimulates response system if goes beyond the “ok” range

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4
Q

Homeostasis: Control center

A

Receives messages from the receptor –> Interprets & analyzes –> Sends message to effector

  • CNS
  • endocrine system
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5
Q

Homeostasis: input

A

message sent from the receptor to the control center

  1. Chemical (hormone)
  2. Electrical (nerve impulses)
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6
Q

Homeostasis: effectors

A
  • cells/tissue/organs that receive messages from control center to reestablish homeostasis
  • Also creates messages
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7
Q

Homeostasis: effects

A

Changes observed in effector as a result of output

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8
Q

Muscular System Function

A
  1. Production of movement
  2. Maintaing posture
  3. Stabilization of joints
  4. Heat generation
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9
Q

Type of Muscles Cells

A
  1. Skeletal 2. Smooth 3. Cardiac
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10
Q

Skeletal Muscle (Organ) Contains (5):

A
  1. Blood supply
  2. Nerves
  3. Connective Tissue
  4. Attachment (direct or indirect)
  5. Skeletal muscle fiber
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11
Q

Skeletal muscle: fibers

A

Striated: light/dark pattern

- many fibers present

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12
Q

Skeletal muscle: movement

A

Voluntary

- could be involuntarily activated by reflex

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13
Q

Skeletal muscle: Connection

A

Connected to bones via tendons

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14
Q

Skeletal muscle: Nucleus

A

multi-nucleated

- Many muscle fibers are very long (up to 24 inches for some)

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15
Q

Smooth muscle

A

No striation

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16
Q

Smooth muscle: movement

A

Involuntary movement

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17
Q

Smooth muscle: Found in

A
  1. Stomach, Intestines
  2. Bladder
  3. Respiratory passage
    * Movement is slow and sustained (food moves through your digestive system)
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18
Q

Cardiac muscle

A
  • Found only in the heart

- Striated muscle

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19
Q

Cardiac muscle: movement

A

Involuntary movement

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20
Q

Cardiac muscle: Intercalated discs

A
  • Desmosomes: proteins that connect two muscle cells together
  • Provide strength for repetitive motion
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21
Q

Homeostasis: Sensor Controller

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A
  • Sensor and control center are the same thing

- Lack input

22
Q

Skeletal muscle: Microscopic Anatomy

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A

Sarcomere:

  1. Myosin- thick filament
  2. Actin- thin filaments
23
Q

Homeostasis: Sensor

24
Q

Homeostasis: Output

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A

messages sent from the control center to the effector cells/tissue/organ

25
Skeletal Muscle: Striation 1
1. Dark (A band) - Thick & thin filaments - dark appearance: combination of 2 proteins
26
Skeletal Muscle: Striation 2
2. Light (I band) - Only thin filament - Light appearance: only 1 protein
27
Homeostasis: Ca in the blood (7 steps)
1. Set points: 8.5 mg/dL 2. Stimulus: Ca levels drop below 8.5 mg/dL 3. Sensor/receptor: Parathyroid glands 4. Control Center: Endocrine System PTH hormone 5. Effectors: a. kidney b. osteoclasts 6. Effects: a. kidney (absorbs calcium from urine) b. osteoclasts (breaks down bone to release Ca into the blood) 7. Final Response: Calcium levels rise back to 8.5 mg/dL
28
Homeostasis: Negative Feedback Loop
- Prevents the levels from going too extreme in the other direction - Makes homeostasis a self-regulating system
29
Sarcomere
structure present inside the muscle cell - made of thick filament (myosin) - & thin filament (actin)
30
Striation
- Light/dark pattern - A-band (dark) - I bank (light)
31
A-band
- dark (because of 2 proteins) | - thick & thin filaments
32
I-band
- light (only 1 protein) - only actin is present - amount of actin that is NOT overlapped with myosin
33
Contraction of skeletal muscle
- requires nerve impulse | - axon terminal connected to sarcolemma of muscle
34
ACh (acetylcholine)
- originates from axonterminal of neuron - released into neurotransmitter junction of muscle fiber - Causes opening of Na+/K+ channels
35
Neuromuscular junction
- Space between nerve axon terminal and muscle fiber
36
Na+/K+ channels
- Located on surface of muscle fiber --> creates action potential --> release of Ca2+ from ER --> contraction of individual sarcomere (muscle contraction
37
- Action potential
- Changes voltage of cells
38
Calcium
Ion that causes muscle contraction
39
Process of muscle contraction
1. Nerve impulse 2. ACh released from neuron 3. Causes opening of Na/K channels 4. Presence of Na/K causes ER to release Ca 5. Ca causes power stroke of actin --> muscle contraction 6. I band (light area) gets smaller
40
Whole muscle contraction
1. Frequency of muscle stimulation (complete tetanus) 2. Changing the number of muscle cells activated
41
- Complete tetanus
- Increased nerve activity * Numerous stimulus without sign of relaxation - Ex: holding a bag for a long time * Twitch - Single stimulus - Ex: muscle twitch -
42
Changing the number of muscle cells activated
- Increase muscle activity | Lighter objects contract fewer muscle cells
43
Aerobic respiration
- Produces 32 ATP per glucose | - Presence of oxygen
44
Anaerobic respiration
- Produces only 2 ATP per glucose - Absence of oxygen - Lactic acid is produced
45
Mitochondria count/muscle performance
- Low ATP production --> lack of activity --> low mitochondria - High ATP production --> high activity --> high mitochondria
46
Lactic acid
- Builds due to inability of respiratory system to keep up with O2 demand - glucose --> lactic acid + Low # ATP
47
Muscle fatigue
when enough O2 is present to muscles, lactic acid will be recycled to be used for aerobic respiration --> muscle fatigue goes away
48
Exercise/muscles
- Use it or lose it - Types: * Aerobic/endurance * Resistance
49
Aerobic/Endurance Exercise: | Muscle Created
- Strong, flexible muscle | - No increase in muscle size
50
Aerobic Exercise: Reason
- Higher blood supplies - More mitochondria Benefits: *Heart *Neuron/muscle coordination *Faster metabolism (breakdown of glucose)
51
Anaerobic Exercise: Muscle Created
Strong, bulky
52
Anaerobic Exercise: Reason
Muscle cells are enlarged

Anatomy (22 decks)

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