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Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal System: Function

A
  1. Supports the body
  2. Protects soft body parts
  3. Produces blood cells
  4. Stores minerals and fat
  5. Permits flexible body movement
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2
Q

Skeletal System: Tissue

A

Connective:

  1. Bone
  2. Cartilage
  3. Ligaments (connect bone –> bone
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3
Q

Bone Anatomy: Diaphysis

A
  • Shaft of bone
  • medullary cavity
    • contains yellow marrow
    • walls = compact bone
    • lined with endosteum- a thin, vascular
      membrane
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4
Q

Bone Anatomy: Periosteum

A

Fibrous connective tissue that covers a long bone

- Contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

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5
Q

Bone Anatomy: epiphysis

A
  • Composed mainly of spongy bone
    • red marrow
  • Coated in hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage)
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6
Q

Compact bone: Osteons

A

Tubular units in bone

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7
Q

Compact bone: lacunae

A
  • Tiny chambers arranged in concentric circles around a central canal
  • Matrix fills space in between lacunae
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8
Q

Bone cells: Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells that lie in lacunae

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9
Q

Compact bone: canaliculus

A

Tiny canals that run through the matrix in bone

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10
Q

Spongy bone: trabeculae

A

thin plates that are unorganized throughout spongy bone

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11
Q

Spongy bone

A
  • Unorganized appearance
  • Designed for strength
  • Lighter than compact bone
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12
Q

Cartilage

A
  • Weaker than bone
  • More flexible than bone
  • Gel-like matrix
  • Contains collagenous and elastic fibers
  • No nerves
  • No blood vessels
  • Slow to heal
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13
Q

Cartilage: chondrocytes

A

Cells that lie within lacunae that are irregularly grouped

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14
Q

Cartilage: Type #1

A
  1. Hyaline –> firm, glassy appearance, many collagen fibers

* Found at end of long bones, in the nose, ends of the ribs, larynx, and trachea

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15
Q

Cartilage: Type #2

A
  1. Fibrocartilate –> stronger than hyaline
    • matrix has wide rows of thick, collagenous fibers
    • able to withstand tension and pressure
    • found where support = #1
    • Found in the disks between vertebrae & cartilage of the knee
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16
Q

Cartilage: Type #3

A
  1. Elastic –> more flexible
    • matrix contains more elastin fibers
    • found in ear flaps and epiglottis
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17
Q

Fibrous Connective Tissue

A
  • Makes up ligaments and tendons

- Contains rows of fibroblast cells separated by bundles of collagenous fibers

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18
Q

of Bones in the Body

A

206

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19
Q

Axial Skeleton

A
  • Midline of the body:
    • Skull
    • Hyoid bone
    • Vertebral column
    • Rib cage
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20
Q

Major Cranial Bones (& Location)

A
  1. Frontal bone (forehead)
  2. Parietal bone (top/base of the head)
  3. Temporal bone (sides/temples)
  4. Occipital bone (lower back of the head)
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21
Q

Skull: Foramen Magnum

A

Large opening through which the spinal cord passes

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22
Q

Skull: Sphenoid bone

A
  • Bat shaped
  • extends across the floor of the cranium
  • all other bones articulate with it
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23
Q

SkSkull: Sinuses

A

Air spaces lined by mucus membrane

  • reduce the weight of the skull
  • give a resonant sound to the voice
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24
Q

Facial Bones

A
  1. Mandible (lower jaw)
  2. Maxillae (upper jaw)
  3. Zygomatic bones (cheekbones)
  4. Nasal bone (bridge of nose)
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25
Hyoid Bone:
- Only bone not articulated with another bone - Anchors the tongue - Site for attachment of muscles used for swallowing - Fractured hyoid bone --> suspicious death
26
Vertebral Column
- 33 vertebrae - 4 curvatures - Intervertebral foramina: spinal nerves branch from spinal column and travel through these holes - Processes: MA that move the vertebral column
27
Cervical Vertebrae
- Located in the neck - #1 = Atlas (yes) - #2 = Axis (no)
28
Thoracic Vertebrae
- Long, thin spinous processes | - Articular facets for rib attachment
29
Lumbar Vertebrae
- Large bodies | - Thick processes
30
Sacrum
5 sacral vertebrae that are fused together
31
Coccyx
Tailbone: | - usually 4 fused vertebrae
32
Intervertebral Disks
- Composed of fibrocartilage - act as padding: prevent ginding & absorb shock - Allow vertebrae to move as we bend, flex, etc. - May become weak, herniate, rupture and/or slip
33
Rib cage/ribs
- AKA thoracic cage - Rib = flattened bone - 12 pairs - 1-7 = true - 8-12= false (do not directly connect to sternum) - 11-12 = floating (no connection to sternum)
34
Sternum
- Flat bone 1. Manubrium (handle) - articulates with clavicles - costal cartilages form ribs #1 2. Body (blade) 3. Xiphoid process (point) - attachment site for the diaphram (separates the thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity)
35
Appendicular Skeleton
1. Pectoral girdles and their attached limbs | 2. Pelvic girdle and their attached limbs
36
Clavicle
- Extends across thorax - Articulates with - sternum - acromion process of scapula
37
Scapula
- Muscle attachment | - corocoid process
38
Glenoid caity
- Articulates with head of humerus | - small
39
Rotator cuff
- Tendons that connect 4 small muscles to the scapula | - Vigorous circular movement here can damage rotator cuff
40
Olcranon Process
- Bump at the back of the elbow | - Ulna
41
Humerus
- Head (top) - Torchlea (AW ulna) - Capitulum (AW radius)
42
Hand
- 8 Carpal bones (wrist - small pebbles) - 5 Metacarpals (hand bones) - Phalanges
43
Pelvic
``` Pelvis: 1. Pelvic girdle - Coxal bones (2) - 3 parts: ilium (largest), ischium (sitting portion), pubis (anterior) * Meet at hip socket: acetabulum 2. Sacrum 3. Coccyx ```
44
Femur
- Longest and Strongest bone in our body - Short neck betters the position for walking - 2 large processes: MA - greater trochanter (anterior) - lesser trochanter (posterior) - Distal end: 2 condyles: AW tibia - medial condyle - lateral condyle
45
Patella
- Kneecap - Held together by quadriceps tendon (butcher's tendon --> AW tibia tuberosity)
46
Tibia
- Larger of the two lower leg bones | - Medial malleolus --> inner bulge of the ankle
47
Fibula
- Smaller/Slender bone of lower leg | - Distal lateral malleolus --> outer bulge of ankle
48
Foot bones
- 7 tarsal bones (ankle) - talus can move freely - AW tibia & fibula - calcaneus (heel) - talus + calcaneus = support weight of body - 5 metatarsal bones (instep) - distal end = ball of the foot - flat feet --> weakened ligaments here - phalanges (toes) - short and sturdy
49
Joints
1. synovial - Freely moveable 2. fibrous - sutures between cranial bones 3. cartilaginous - hyaline cartilage - intervertebral disks
50
Bursa (e)
Fluid-filled sacs that ease friction between bare areas of bone and overlapping muscle (or between skin and tendons)
51
Flexion
Joint angle decreases
52
Extension
Joint angle increases
53
Adduction
Body part moves towards midline
54
Abduction
Body part moves away from midline
55
Supination
Hand faces anterior/downward
56
Pronation
Hand faces posterior/downward
57
Circumduction
Body part moves so that a cone shape is outlined
58
Inversion
Sole of foot turns inward
59
Eversion
Sole of foot turns outward
60
Skeleton starts forming in ___ embryonic development
6 weeks
61
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells - When surrounded by calcified matrix, they become osteocytes within lacunae
62
Osteoclasts
Bone absorbing cells
63
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts
64
Formation of bone is called
Ossification
65
Intramembranous ossification
Bones develop between sheets of fibrous connective tissue

Anatomy (22 decks)

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