Wray- Digestive System Flashcards
(55 cards)
1
Q
Mouth/ Oral Cavity
A
If it is cut, mucosa cells produce antimicrobial peptides to protect against infection
2
Q
Uvula (3)
A
- Conical structure in the back of the throat
- Prevent food going down through the breathing passage while you swallow
- Involved in speech
3
Q
Tongue (3)
A
- Made of skeletal muscle
- Mixes food with saliva to create a compact ball of food
- Initiates swallowing
4
Q
Salivary Glands (4)
A
- Clean and moisten mouth and food
- Contain enzyme Amylase –> Breaks down carbohydrates
5
Q
Teeth: External (3)
A
- Crown: visible portion of teeth above gum line
- Neck: Area where the crown joins the root
- Root: Portion of teeth embedded in the jaw
- 1-3 roots
6
Q
Teeth: Internal (3)
A
- Enamel:
- Dentin:
- Pulp Cavity
7
Q
Dental Disease: Dental Plaques
A
A film of sugar and bacteria that adhere to the teeth
8
Q
Dental disease: Cavities
A
Demineralization of enamel and dentin by bacterial
9
Q
Dental disease: Gingivitis
A
Result of unremoved plaque that could disrupt the seal between teeth and gum allowing bacteria to infect the gum
10
Q
Pharynx:
A
Throat
- Similar histology to mouth
11
Q
Esophagus
A
- Muscular tube about 25 cm
- Connect mouth to stomach
- Epiglottis: closes the larynx when food passes through pharynx
12
Q
Gastroespohageal sphincter:
A
- Muscle that controls food entry to stomach
- Prevent gastric juices to back into the esophagus
13
Q
Stomach: location
A
- left quadrant of abdominal cavity
- underneath the cavity
14
Q
Stomach: function
A
- temporary food storage
- Initial breakdown of proteins and lipids
- Produce chyme (creamy paste)
15
Q
Stomach: size
A
- empty 50 mL
- Full 4L
- Rugae: fold in the stomach wall that allows the stomach size to increase
16
Q
Acidic environment of stomach
A
- HCl
- 100,000 x more acidic than blood (2 –> 7)
Protection: - Alkaline (basic) mucous layer that protects cells
- Fast replacement of cells
17
Q
Digestive process in stomach
A
- Protein digestion starts by HCl and pepsin
- Lipid digestion is initiated by lipase
18
Q
Can we survive without a stomach?
A
YES
19
Q
Gastric Ulcer (3)
A
- Erosions on the stomach wall
- Bacteria with a drill-like head to breach/destroy the mucosal layer
- Healing ulcers: antibiotics
20
Q
Small Intestine: Pyloric sphincter
A
- Controls how much food enters the SI
21
Q
Small Intestine Function
A
Digestion of food and absorption of nutrients
22
Q
Small Intestine: Duodenum
A
- 25 cm
- Bile duct ends there delivering bile from the liver
- Pancreatic duct ends there delivering pancreatic juices
- Digestion and absorption of all nutrients is either initiated of continues
- Most important portion of the SI
23
Q
Small Intestine: Jejunum
A
2.5 m (8 ft): Food/nutrient absorption
24
Q
Small Intestine: Ileum
A
- 3.6 m (10 ft): Nutrients absorption
25
Large Intestine: Function (3)
- Water reabsorption
- Removal of waste
- Breakdown of fiber (indigestible carbs)
26
Large Intestine: Components
1. Cecum
2. Colon
3. Rectum
4. Anal canal
5. Anus
27
Large Intestine: Cecum
- first part of LI
| - connects SI to ascending colon
28
Large Intestine: Colon Function (3)
- Move waste products out of the body
- Absorb water
- Break down fiber
29
Large Intestine: Colon Parts (3)
1. Ascending colon
2. Transverse colon
3. Descending colon
30
Large Intestine: Rectum
- Final portion of LI
| - Storage of feces
31
Accessory organs of digestive system (3)
1. Liver
2. Gall bladder
3. Pancreas
32
Liver: function
1. Filter and process nutrient rich blood delivered from GI tract
2. Secrete bile essential for food digestion
3. Packs and stores extra nutrients received from SI
33
Liver: Location
- Top right of abdominal cavity
- underneath diaphragm
- Largest organ
34
Bile
Emulsification of fat
1. Lipase digests fats
2. Bile breaks down fats into smaller pieces to aid lipase in the complete breakdown (increases surface area)
35
Liver lobes
- Large right
| - Small left
36
Liver: Hepatocytes
- Liver cells
1. Secrete bile essential for food digestion in SI
2. Detoxification of blood ammonia --> Urea
37
Liver: Blood vessels (3)
1. Hepatic portal vein
2. Hepatic artery
3. Central vein
38
Liver: Hepatic portal vein
1. brings blood from digestive tract
| 2. nutrient rich blood from the GI tract must pass through liver to detoxify
39
Liver: Hepatic artery
Bring oxygenated blood from the heart
40
Liver: Central vein
1. Takes deoxygenated blood back to the heart
2. Combination of blood from hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
3. Connects to the IVC
41
Hepatitis: definition
inflammation of liver due to viral infection
42
_______ Hepatitis viruses have been identified:
Six (A - F)
43
HVB & HVC
transmitted via blood --> causes chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis
44
Cirrhosis:
- Damage to the hepatocytes
| - Causes blockage of hepatic portal
45
Gallbladder: Location
green muscular sac located inferior to liver
46
Gallblader: Function
Stores concetrated bile that is not immediately needed
47
Pancreas: Location
Tadpole-shaped organ that sits inferior to the stomach
48
Pancreas: Function
Produces enzymes (pancreatic juices) that breaks down all food groups
49
Pancreatic juices: (4)
1. Trypsin
2. Amylase
3. Lipases
4. Nucleases
50
Trypsin
Breaks down proteins
51
Amylase:
Breaks down carbohydrates
52
Lipases:
Breaks down fats that have been emulsified by bile salt
53
Nucleases:
breaks down nucleotides
54
How much time does the food spend in the small intestine
3-6 hours
55
Small intestine absorbs
AA, sugars, fatty acids, toxins, and medications
| - Sends it to the liver --> detoxifies --> heart
