Neoplasia Nomenclature

Question 1

prevalence

Answer 1

number of people with disease at the current time. Either alive with the diagnosis/active disease or cured of the disease.

Question 2

what causes cancer?

Answer 2

DNA mutations that result in the loss of regulation of cell growth and survival pathways. 6-8 mutations in the same cell

Question 3

mutagen

Answer 3

causes mutations

Question 4

carcinogen

Answer 4

causes cancer

Question 5

how long does it take cancer to develop?

Answer 5

years to decades

Question 6

most common types of cancer?

Answer 6

lung, breast, prostate, colon

Question 7

most prevalent cancer?

Answer 7

breast (1/5)

Question 8

chemotherapy

Answer 8

drug from mustard gas that kills rapidly proliferating cells (indiscriminate with side effects)

Question 9

neoplasm

Answer 9

tumor. irreversible abnormal mass of tissue arising from a clonal growth of a somatic cell with excessive and uncoordinated growth. due to genetic alterations

Question 10

hyperplasia

Answer 10

reversible, polyclonal response to injury. not a genetic change

Question 11

criteria for malignancy

Answer 11

invasion & metastasis

Question 12

invasion

Answer 12

tumor moves into adjacent tissues beyond the basement membrane. Not freely mobile, instead tethered between tissues.

Question 13

metastasis

Answer 13

tumor colonizes distant sites via circulatory system migration

Question 14

characteristics of benign tumor

Answer 14

no invasion or metastasis, localized lesion that respects the basement membrane boundary.

Question 15

nomenclature for benign mesenchymal tumors

Answer 15

add -oma to cell of origin (lipoma, fibroma, chondroma)

Question 16

other definition for cancer

Answer 16

malignant tumor

Question 17

needle aspiration

Answer 17

small gauge needle is inserted into lesion under direct visualization or occasionally by radiographic guidance and cells from lesion are withdrawn

Question 18

histopathology

Answer 18

study of disease by direct evaluation of morphology of the diseased tissue. limited to the availability of removed portions of tissue

Question 19

basic cellular components of all tumors

Answer 19

neoplastic cells and stroma

Question 20

neoplastic cells

Answer 20

clonal cells that usually resemble cells from tissue of origin. major determinant of biological behavior

Question 21

tumor stroma

Answer 21

connective tissue and blood vessels within the tumor. provides support and nutrient supply to tumor.

Question 22

N/C ratio

Answer 22

nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio. ratio of the diameter of the nucleus over that of the cell. Higher in a less differentiated cell (more malignant)

Question 23

pleomorphism

Answer 23

irregularity in cell size and shape. signifies malignancy

Question 24

hyperchromatia

Answer 24

denser chromatin

Question 25

morphological characteristics of malignancy

Answer 25

N/C>0.5, pleomorphism, hyperchromatia, increased nucleolar size

Question 26

gross criteria for benign tumor

Answer 26

no invasion, no metastases, encapsulated, pushing borders, exophytic growth (outward fashion)

Question 27

gross criteria for malignant tumor

Answer 27

invasive, frequent metastases, no encapsulation, infiltrative borders, endophytic growth (down, into, around)

Question 28

epithelial tumor nomenclature

Answer 28

malignant: carcinoma benign: papilloma, adenoma (glandular)

Question 29

mesenchymal tumor nomenclature

Answer 29

malignant: sarcoma benign: fibroma, lipoma, etc

Question 30

hematopoietic tumor nomenclature

Answer 30

only malignant: lymphoma, leukemia

Question 31

cytologic characteristic of carcinomas

Answer 31

polygonal, cuboidal, columnar. tend to stick together via tight intercellular junctions to forma gland, duct, or sheet

Question 32

cytologic characteristic of sarcoma

Answer 32

spindle shape, fascicles/bundles

Question 33

cytologic characteristic of lymphoma/leukemia

Answer 33

individual, isolated cells. one round, large nucleus. dispersed and discohesive

Question 34

leiomyosarcoma

Answer 34

malignant tumor of smooth muscle

Question 35

tumor grading

Answer 35

spectrum of well differentiated to anaplastic. the more undifferentiated the tumor is, the more malignant it is

Question 36

dysplasia

Answer 36

disordered growth. changes in cytologic features (pleomorphism), loss of differentiation, change in nuclear features (hyperchromasia, abnormal mitotic activity), disordered architecture

Question 37

carcinoma in situ

Answer 37

pre invasive cancer. confined within basement membrane but has acquired many other characteristics of malignancy

Question 38

spectrum to development of cancer

Answer 38

dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, carcinoma

Question 39

tumor grading

Answer 39

based on microscopic features of the primary tumor. used to predict clinical aggressiveness.

Question 40

tumor staging

Answer 40

refers to the extent of the disease.