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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Cell body

A

Contains a large, round nucleus with a nucleolus

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2
Q

Perikaryon

A

Cytoplasm of neuron

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3
Q

Cytoskeleton of neuron

A

Neurofilaments and neurotubules

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4
Q

Neurofibrils

A

Bundles of neurofilaments that extend into dendrites and axons

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5
Q

Nissl bodies

A

Clusters of RER and free ribosomes

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6
Q

Grey matter

A

Areas containing neuron bodies

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7
Q

Dendrites

A

Extend and branch out from the cell body

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8
Q

Axon

A

Propagates an action potential

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9
Q

Axoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of the axon

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10
Q

Axolemma

A

Plasma membrane of the axon

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11
Q

Initial segment

A

Base of the axon

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12
Q

Axon hillock

A

Thickened region

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13
Q

Collaterals

A

Side branches that enable a single neuron to communicate with several other cells

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14
Q

Telodendria

A

Fine extensions

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15
Q

Synapse

A

Where a neuron communicates with another cell

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16
Q

Axonal (axoplasmic) transport

A

Movement of materials between the cell body and axon terminals

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17
Q

Anterograde transport

A

Cell body to axon terminal carried by kinesin

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18
Q

Retrograde transport

A

Axon terminal to cell body carried by dynein

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19
Q

Passive chemical gradients

A

K+ high inside
Na+ high outside

Both move through leak channels along chemical gradient

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20
Q

Active Na+/K+ pumps

A

Maintain the concentration of gradients of sodium across the plasma membrane

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21
Q

Passive electrical gradients

A

K+ leaves more quickly than Na+ enters

More positive outside p.m and negative inside = electrical gradient

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22
Q

Current

A

Movement of charges to eliminate a potential differences

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23
Q

Resistance

A

A measure of how much the membrane restricts ion movement

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24
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

The sum of the chemical and electrical forces acting on an ion across the plasma membrane - potential energy

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25
Equilibrium potential
Membrane potential at which there is no net movement of a particular ions across the plasma membrane
26
Resting membrane potential for most neurons
-70mV
27
Leak channels
Passive ion channels that are always open
28
Gated channels
Active channels that open and close in response to specific stimuli
29
3 classes of gated channels
Open or close in response to: 1. Chemically (ligand)-gated: bind to specific ligands 2. Voltage-gated: changes in membrane potential 3. Mechanically gated: physical distortion
30
3 states of voltage-gated channels
1. Closed but capable of opening 2. Open (activated) 3. Closed and incapable of opening (inactive)
31
Graded potentials
Changes in the membrane potential that cannot spread far from the site of stimulation
32
Chemically gated sodium ion channels
1. Depolarisation: Na+ enters cell, membrane potential becomes more positive 2. Local current: Na+ outside move towards open channels, parallel movement of inner and outer surfaces 3. Repolarisation: restoration of normal membrane potential after depolarisation
33
Gated potassium ion channels
1. Hyperpolarisation: K+ flows out of cell, inside becomes more negative than outside, increase in negativity of resting membrane potential 2. Local current
34
Action potentials
Nerve impulses
35
Threshold
Membrane potential at which an action potential begins
36
Typical axon threshold
-60mV to -55mV
37
All-or-none principle
A stimulus either triggers a typical action potential or none at all
38
Generation of action potential
1. Graded depolarisation to threshold that opens voltage-gated sodium channels (-60mV) 2. Activation of sodium ion channels and rapid depolarisation (+10mV) 3. Inactivation of sodium ion channels and activation of potassium ion channels starts repolarisation (+30mV) 4. Time lag in potassium ion channels closure leads to temporary hyperpolarisation (-90mV)
39
Refractory period
Period when the plasma membrane doesn't respond normally to additional depolarising stimuli from the time an action potential begins until the resting membrane potential has been established
40
Absolute refractory period
Voltage-gated sodium channels either are already open and or are inactivated
41
Relative refractory period
Requires larger than normal stimulus
42
Continuous propagation
Unmyelinated axon | Action potential spreads by depolarising adjacent region of axon membrane
43
Saltatory propagation
Myelinated axon | Action potential jumps = much faster
44
Classes of axon
Type A fibres: largest myelinated Type B fibres: smaller myelinated Type C fibres: unmyelinated
45
Electrical synapses
There is direct physical contact between the cells | Pre and postsynaptic membranes joined by gap junctions
46
Chemical synapses
One neuron sends chemical signals to another cell
47
Synaptic cleft
Separates the two cells
48
Neuromuscular junction
Synapse between a neuron and skeletal muscle cell
49
Neuroglandular junction
Neuron that controls or regulates the activity of a secretory cell
50
Cholinergic synapses
Synapses that release ACh
51
Synaptic delay
Occurs because calcium ion influx and the release of neurotransmitter takes a while
52
Choline
Released during the breakdown of ACh in the synaptic cleft | Reabsorbed and recycled by the axon terminal
53
Synaptic fatigue
Occurs when stores of ACh are exhausted
54
Excitatory neurotransmitters
Cause depolarisation and promote the generation of action potentials
55
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
Cause hyperpolarisation and suppress the generation of action potentials
56
What determines the effect of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane?
The properties of the receptor, not the neurotransmitter
57
Adrenergic synpases
Release norepinephrine (NE)
58
Norepinephrine (NE)
Has an excitatory depolarising effect on the postsynaptic membrane
59
Neuromodulates
Influence postsynaptic cell's response to neurotransmitters
60
Information processing
Excitatory and inhibitory stimuli are integrated through interactions between postsynaptic potentials
61
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
A depolarisation caused by a neurotransmitter
62
Summation
Individual EPSPs combine
63
Temporal summation
Occurring at a single synapse when a second EPSP arrives before the effects of the first have disappeared
64
Spatial summation
Resulting from the cumulative effects of multiple synapses at various location
65
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
Hyperpolarisation of the postsynaptic membrane
66
Most important determinants of neural activity
EPSP-IPSP interactions
67
Presynaptic inhibition
GABA released at an axoaxonic synapse inhibits the opening of voltage-gated calcium ion channels in the axon terminal, reducing the amount of neurotransmitter released when an action potential arrives at the axon terminal
68
Presynaptic facilitation
Activity at an axoaxonic synapse increases the amount of neurotransmitter released when an action potential arrives at the axon terminal, prolongs the effects of neurotransmitters on the postsynaptic membrane

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (25 decks)

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