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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology > The Reproductive System > Flashcards

The Reproductive System Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Gametes

A

Male and female reproductive cells

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2
Q

Reproductive system

A

Gonads that produce gametes and hormones
Ducts that transport gametes
Accessory glands and organs that secrete fluids
External genitalia

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3
Q

Male gonads

A

Testes which secrete androgen and sperm

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4
Q

Male gamete

A

Sperm

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5
Q

Female gonads

A

Ovaries which secrete an immature oocyte each month and estrogen

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6
Q

Female gamete

A

Oocyte

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7
Q

Sperm

A

Testis > epididymis > ductus deferens > urethra

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8
Q

Male external genitalia

A

Scrotum which encloses the testes, urethra, and the penis

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9
Q

Accessory structures

A

Seminal glands, prostate and bulbo-urethral gland secrete fluids into ejaculatory ducts and the urethra

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10
Q

Raphe

A

Thickening that separates the scrotum into two chambers

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11
Q

Tunica vaginalis

A

Serous membrane lining the scrotal cavity, reducing friction between parietal and visceral layer

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12
Q

Layers of the scrotum

A
  1. Superficial scrotal fascia
  2. Dartos muscle
  3. Scrotal skin
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13
Q

Cremaster

A

Later of skeletal muscle

Contracts during sexual arousal or decreased temperature > testes move closer to body

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14
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

Dense layer of connective tissue that support blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

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15
Q

Septa testis

A

Divides testis into lobules

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16
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Sperm production takes place within the tubules

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17
Q

Straight tubules

A

Several semniferous tubules merge into straight tubules

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18
Q

Rete testis

A

Maze of passageways formed by interconnected straight tubules

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19
Q

Efferent ductules

A

Connect rete testis to the epididymis

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20
Q

Interstitial endocrine cells

A

Within spaces between tubules

Produce androgens

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21
Q

Epididymis

A

Start of the male reproductive tract
Head: receives sperm from efferent ductules
Body
Tale: connects to the ductus deferens

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22
Q

Where is the sperm primarily stored?

A

In the tale of the ductus deferens

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23
Q

Function of epididymis

A
  1. It monitors and adjusts the composition of the fluid produced by the seminiferous tubules
  2. It acts as a recycling centre for damaged sperm
  3. It stores and protects sperm and facilitates their functional maturation
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24
Q

Ampulla of ductus deferens

A

Expanded portion of the ductus deferens

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25
Urethra
Passageway that extends from the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis
26
Functions of the glands
1. Activating sperm 2. Providing the nutrients sperm need for motility 3. Propelling sperm and fluids along the reproductive tract, mainly by peristaltic contractions 4. Producing buffers that counteract the acidity of the urethral and vaginal environments
27
Seminal glands
Produce the majority of the volume of semen
28
Ejaculatory duct
Secretions of the seminal glands are discharged into the ejaculatory duct
29
Prostate
Produces prostatic fluid
30
Prostatic fluid
Slightly acidic fluid is rich in enzymes that prevent sperm coagulation in the vagina Ejected into the prostatic urethra by peristaltic contractions of the prostate
31
Prostatitis
Prostatic inflammation
32
Bulbo-urethral glands
Secrete thick, alkaline mucus which helps neutralise urinary acids that may remain in the urethra and it lubricates the tip of the penis
33
Semen
Sperm Seminal fluid Enzymes
34
Penis
- The body consists of 3 masses of erectile tissue | - Beneath the superficial fascia are two corpora cavernosa and a single spongiosum
35
Seminalplasmin
A protein with antibiotic properties that may help prevent urinary tract infections in males
36
Preputial glands
Secrete smegma
37
Spermatogonia
Stem cells in the seminiferous tubules that undergo cell division through adult life
38
Primary spermatocytes
Prepare to begin meiosis
39
Spermatids
Undifferentiated male gametes
40
Spermatogenesis
1. Mitosis 2. Meiosis 3. Spermiogenesis
41
Spermiation
Sperm loses its attachment to the nurse cell and enters the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
42
Function of nurse cells
1. Maintenance of blood testis barrier 2. Support of mitosis and meiosis 3. Support of spermiogenesis 4. Secretion of inhibin 5. Secretion of antigen-binding protein
43
Capacitation
1. Sperm become motile when they are mixed with secretions of the seminal glands 2. They become capable of successful fertilisation when exposed to conditions in the female reproductive tract
44
Acrosome
Contains enzymes essential to fertilisation
45
FSH
Targets primarily the nurse cells of the seminiferous tubules
46
LH
Targets the interstitial endocrine cells of the testes
47
Inhibin
Depresses secretion of FSH
48
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Enlargement of the prostate
49
Broad ligament
Extensive mesentery enclosing the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus
50
Mesovarium
Thickened fold of mesentery that supports and stabilised the position of each ovary
51
What is each ovary covered by?
Tunica albuginea
52
Uterine tubes
1. Infundibulum with fimbria 2. Ampulla 3. Isthmus
53
Embryo
Weeks 1-8
54
Fetus
Week 9-delivery
55
Ligaments stabilising ovaries
Ovarian ligament and suspensory ligament
56
Ligaments stabilising uterus
Uterosacral ligament, round ligaments and cardinal ligaments
57
Cervix
Inferior portion of the uterus that extends from the isthmus to the vagina
58
Uterine cavity
Uterine cavity > internal os > cervical canal > external os
59
Layers of the uterine wall
1. Perimetrium 2. Myometrium - 90% 3. Endometrium - 10%
60
Endometrium
Funtional layer - uterine glands | Basal layer - terminal branches of tubular uterine glands
61
Myometrium
Branches of the uterine arteries form arcuate arteries
62
Radial arteries
Supply straight arteries (deliver blood to basal layer) and spiral arteries (supply functional layer)
63
Functions of vagina
1. Passageway for elimination of menstrual fluid 2. Receives penis during sexual intercourse and holds sperm prior to their passage into the uterus 3. Forms the inferior portion of the birth canal, through which the fetus passes during delivery
64
Vaginal fornix
Shallow recess surrounding the cervical protrusion
65
Bulb of vestibule
Mass of erectile tissue on each side of the vagina
66
Hymen
Elastic epithelial fold that partially blocks entrance to vagina
67
Urethral glands
Discharge into the urethra near the external urethral opening
68
Corpus cavernosum of clitoris
Erectile tissue
69
Lesser vestibular glands
Discharge their secretions onto the exposed surface of the vestibule between the orifices of the vagina and urethra
70
Greater vestibular glands
Secrete into the vestibule during sexual arousal
71
Mons pubis
Adipose tissue covering the pubic symphysis
72
Mammary gland
Lobe > lobule > lactiferous duct > lactiferous sinus
73
Where does oogenesis occur?
In ovarian follicles through primary, secondary and tertiary ovarian follicles
74
Oogonia
Female reproductive stem cells
75
Follicle development and the ovarian cycle
1. Primordial ovarian follicles in egg nest 2. Formation of primary ovarian follicle 3. Formation of secondary ovarian follicle 4. Formation of tertiary ovarian follicle 5. Ovulation 6. Formation of corpus luteum 7. Formation of corpus albicans
76
Ovarian cycle
Follucular - tertiary ovarian follicle Ovulation - tertiary follicle releases secondary oocyte and attached follicular cells of corona radiata Luteal - formation of corpus luteum which becomes corpus albicans
77
Progesterone
Prepares uterus for pregnancy by stimulating the maturation of the uterine lining and the secretion of uterine glands
78
Proliferation phase
Functional layer thickens and undergoes repair
79
Secretory phase
Uterine glands enlarge
80
Estradiol
Most important estrogen
81
What makes ovulation happen?
Midcycle surge in LH
82
Hormonal regulation of female reproductive cycle
Hypothalmic secretion of GnRH occurs in pulses that trigger pituitary secretion of FSH and LH. FSH initiates follicular development, and activated follicles and ovarian interstital cells produce estrogens. High estrogen levels stimulate LH secretion, increase pituitary sensitivity to GnRH, and increase the GnRH pulse frequency
83
Main hormone of luteal phase
Progesterone

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (25 decks)

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