Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology > The Tissue Level of Organisation > Flashcards

The Tissue Level of Organisation Flashcards

(94 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Tissues

A

Collections of specialised cells and cell products that carry out a limited number of functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

4 types of tissue

A
  1. Epithelial tissue: covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, and forms glands
  2. Connective tissue: fills internal spaces, provides structural support for other tissues, transports material within the body, and stores energy
  3. Muscle tissue: specialised for contraction and includes the skeletal muscles of the body, the muscle of the heart, and the muscular walls of hollow organs
  4. Nervous tissue: carries information from one part of the body to another in the form of electrical impulses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Types of epithelial tissue

A

Epithelia (layers of cells that cover external or line internal surfaces) and glands (structures that produce fluid secretions, attached to or derived from the epithelia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A
  1. To provide physical protection
  2. To control permeability
  3. To provide sensation
  4. To produce specialised secretions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neuroepithelium

A

An epithelium that is specialised to perform a particular sensory function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gland cells

A

Epithelial cells that produce secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Polarity (structural/function differences between the exposed, apical surface and the attached, basal surface)
  2. Cellularity (closely bound to other cells)
  3. Attachment (bound to basement membrane
  4. Avascularity (lacking blood vessels)
  5. Regeneration (continually replaced)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cell junctions

A

Interconnections between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Specialisation of epithelial cells

A
  1. Movement of fluids over the epithelial surface, providing protection and lubrication
  2. Movement of fluids through the epithelium to control permeability
  3. The production of secretions that provide physical protection or act as chemical messengers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ciliated epithelium

A

Motile cilia present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is the physical integrity of the epithelium maintained?

A
  1. Intercellular connections
  2. Attachment to the basement membrane
  3. Epithelial maintenance and repair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

A

Transmembrane proteins that connect opposing plasma membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3 common types of cell junctions

A
  1. Gap junctions (cells held together by connexons)
  2. Tight junctions (lipid portion of two interlocking membrane proteins tightly bound together)
  3. Desosomes (CAMs and proteoglycans link opposing plasma membranes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lumen

A

Passageways lined by epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Two types of desosomes

A
  1. Spot desmosomes (small discs connected to bands of intermediate filaments)
  2. Hemidesmosomes (attaches a cell to extracellular filaments in the basement membrane)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Basic shapes of epithelial cells

A
  1. Squamous (thin and flat)
  2. Cuboidal (boxes)
  3. Columnar (tall and slender rectangles)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Epithelial cell layers

A
  1. Simple epithelium (one layer covers the basement membrane)
  2. Stratified epithelium (several layers cover the basement membrane)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are simple epithelial cells found?

A

They line the internal compartments and passageways of the pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities; the heart chambers; and blood vessels
Additionally, they are found where secretion or absorption occurs e.g. the lining of the intestines and gas-exchange surfaces of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are stratified epithelial cells found?

A

In areas that are exposed to mechanical/chemical stresses e.g. the surface of the skin and the lining of the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Functions of simple squamous epithelium

A
  1. Reduces friction
  2. Controls vessel permeability
  3. Performs absorption and secretion

e.g. alveoli, thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mesothelium

A

The simple squamous epithelium that lines the body cavities enclosing the lungs, heart and abdominal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Endothelium

A

The simple squamous epithelium lining the inner surface of the heart and all blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Functions of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens and chemical attacks

e.g. surface of the skin, lining of the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Functions of simple cuboidal epithelium
1. Limited protection 2. Secretion and absorption e.g. glands, ducts
26
Functions of stratified cuboidal epithelium (rare)
1. Protection 2. Secretion and absorption e.g. lining of some ducts (rare)
27
Transitional epithelium
Unusual stratified epithelium in which cells change between squamous and cuboidal shape
28
Functions of transitional epithelium
Permits repeated cycles of stretching without damage e.g. urinary bladder, ureters
29
Functions of the columnar epithelium
1. Protection 2. Secretion and absorption e.g. lining of the stomach, intestine
30
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
A columnar epithelium that includes serval types of cells with varying shapes and functions Not truly stratified because each epithelial cell contacts the basement membrane
31
Functions of the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
1. Protection 2. Secretion 3. Moves mucous with cilia e.g. lining of nasal cavity, trachea
32
Function of the sratified columnar epithelia
Protection e.g. epiglottis, anus
33
Glands
Collections of epithelial cells that produce secretions
34
Glandular epithelia
Epithelia containing gland cells
35
Two types of glands
1. Endocrine glands - release hormones into the blood | 2. Exocrine glands - release secretions onto epithelial surfaces usually via ducts
36
Unicellular exocrine glands
Consist of single cells called goblet cells that secrete mucin (mucin + water = mucous)
37
What determines whether a cell is classified as a mucous cell or a goblet cell?
Their location: Goblet - scattered among the absorptive cells in the columnar epithelium of the small and large intestines Mucous - scattered among other epithelial tissue
38
Multicellular exocrine glands
Consist of glandular epithelia and aggregations of gland cells that produce exocrine or endocrine secretions
39
Characteristics of exocrine glands
1. Simple (single duct) vs compound (the duct divides) 2. Straight tubular vs coiled tubular vs alveolar (pockets) vs tubulo-alveolar (both) 3. Branched (several secretory areas share a duct)
40
Methods of exocrine cell secretion
1. Merocrine secretion - through secretory vesicles in exocytosis e.g. cells in salivary glands 2. Apocrine secretion - apical portion of cytoplasm packed with secretory vesicles and is then shed e.g. cells in mammary glands 3. Holocrine secretions - superficial cell in stratified glandular epithelium becomes packed with a sceretory vesicle and burst, releasing secretion but killing the cell e.g. cells in sebaceous glands
41
Most common method of exocrine secretion
Merocrine secretion (exocytosis)
42
Types of exocrine glands
1. Serous glands - secrete a watery solution containing enzymes 2. Mucous glands - secrete mucin 3. Mixed exocrine glands - contain more than 1 type of gland cell
43
Characteristics of connective tissue
1. Specialised cells 2. Extracellular protein fibers 3. Ground substance
44
Functions of connective tissue
1. Structural framework 2. Transporting fluids/dissolved materials 3. Protecting delicate organs 4. Supporting other tissue 5. Storing energy 6. Defending the body
45
Types of connective tissue
1. Connective tissue proper (many types of cells and fibres in ground substance) 2. Fluid connective tissue (distinctive cells suspended in a watery matrix containing dissolved proteins) 3. Supporting connective tissue (less diverse cell popular than CTP and matrix containing much more densely packed fibres)
46
What is the only cell always present in connective tissue proper?
Fibroblasts
47
Connective tissue proper cell populations
1. Fibroblasts (secrete hyaluronan and proteins) 2. Fibrocytes (maintain connective tissue fibres of CTP) 3. Adipocytes (fat cells) 4. Mesenchymal cells (stem cells that respond to local injury/infection) 5. Melanocytes (synthesise and store melanin) 6. Macrophages 7. Mast cells (release histamine and heparin) 8. Lymphocytes (may develop into plasma cells and produce antibodies) 9. Microphages
48
Fibers of connective tissue proper
1. Collagen (make up tendons) 2. Reticular (form a stroma which stabilises relative position of functional cells of organs 3. Elastic (make up elastic ligaments)
49
Ground substance in connnective tissue proper
Viscous, making it difficult for bacteria to move through
50
Types of loose connective tissue (CTP)
1. Embryonic/mesenchyme (1st CT to appear in embyro) 2. Areolar (padding, movement, elasticity) 3. Adipose (padding, shock absorption, insulation, energy storage) 4. Reticular (supporting framework)
51
White fat
Most adipose tissue in the body
52
Brown fat
Highly vascularised adipose tissue between shoulder blades and around the neck in children
53
What kind of tissue is removed in liposuction?
Adipose tissue
54
Types of dense connective tissue (CTP)
1. Dense regular (between skeleton/muscles) 2. Dense irregular (prevents overexpansion and resists forces) 3. Elastic (stabilises positions, cushion shocks, permits expansion/contraction)
55
Dense regular connective tissue
Collagen fibers are packed tightly, parallel to each other, and aligned with the forces applied to the tissue
56
Tendons
Cords of dense regular connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones
57
Ligaments
Cords of dense regular connective tissue that attach one bone to another
58
Aponeurosis
A tendinous sheet that attaches a broad, flat muscle to another muscle or to several bones of the skeleton
59
Dense irregular connective tissue
The fibers form an interwoven meshwork in no consistent pattern - strengthen and support areas subject to stresses from many directions
60
Elastic tissue
Dense regular connective tissue made up of mainly elastic fibers When elastic fibers outnumber collagen, the tissue is springy and resilient
61
Fasciae
Connective tissue layers and wrappings that support and surround organs
62
Superficial fascia
- Between skin and underlying organs | - Aerolar tissue and adipose tissue
63
Deep fascia
- Bound to capsules, tendons and ligaments - Dense connective tissue - Form aa strong, fibrous internal framework
64
Subserous fascia
- Between serous membranes and deep fascia | - Areolar tissue
65
Blood and lymph
Fluid connective tissue
66
Plasma
Watery matrix in blood
67
3 types of formed elements
1. Red blood cells 2. White blood cells 3. Platelets
68
3 major subdivisions of extracellular fluid
1. Interstitial fluid 2. Plasma 3. Lymph
69
Artieries
Carry blood away from the heart
70
Capilliaries
Smallest blood vessel
71
Veins
Return blood to heart
72
Lymph
Forms as interstitial fluid enters lymphatic vessels, lymphocytes monitor it, and then the lymph gets returned to the large veins near the heart Circulation of lymph maintains nutrient, waste, toxin, blood volume levels and prevents infection
73
Cartilage
Firm gel that contains condroitin sulfates (form complexes with proteins in the ground substance, producing proteoglycans
74
Chondrocytes
Cartilage cells that occupy small chambers called lacunae
75
Which type of connective tissue is avascular?
Cartilage
76
Perichondrium
Separates the cartilage from surrounding layers
77
2 layers of pericondrium
Outer, fibrous region of dense irregular connective tissue and an inner, cellular layer
78
Types of cartilage
1. Hyaline (stiff but somewhat flexible support) 2. Elastic (support but elastic) 3. Fibrocartilage (limits movement, resists compression)
79
Types of cartilage growth
1. Interstitial growth - enlarges the cartilage from within (chondrocytes divide and produce more matrix) 2. Appositional growth - gradually increases the size of the cartilage by adding to its outer surface
80
How much of the matrix of bone is calcified?
Two thirds (the rest is collagen)
81
Osteocytes
Bone cells contained in the lacunae of the matrix
82
Canaliculi
Slender passageways in the matrix that form a branching network for the exchange of materials between blood vessels, interstitial fluid and osteocytes
83
Periosteum
A covering composed of fibrous and cellular layers that covers the surface of bone (except in joint cavities)
84
What covers the bones in joint cavities
A layer of hyaline cartilage
85
4 types of tissue membranes
1. Mucous membranes - passageways open to exterior 2. Serous membranes - sealed internal cavities of the trunk 3. Cutaneous membrane - skin that covers surface of the body 4. Synovial membranes - inner surface of capsule of synovial joint and secrets synovial fluid
86
3 types of muscle tissue
1. Skeletal - multinucleate (many nuclei) 2. Cardiac - single nucleus, circulates blood 3. Smooth - moves food, urine and secretions
87
Myosatellite cells
Stem cells that divide to produce new skeletal muscle fibers
88
Intercalated discs
Specialised regions connecting cardiac muscle tissue
89
Striated voluntary muscle
Skeletal muscle
90
Striated involuntary muscle
Cardiac muscle
91
Nonstriated involuntary muscle
Smooth muscle
92
2 types of cell in nervous tissue
1. Neurons | 2. Neuroglia
93
Inflammation
A process that isolates the injured area while damage cells, tissue components, and any dangerous microorganisms which could cause infection are cleaned up
94
Regeration
The process that restores normal function after inflammation has subsided

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions