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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology > Bones and Bone Structure > Flashcards

Bones and Bone Structure Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Skeletal system

A

Bones, cartilages, ligaments and connective tissues

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2
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. Support
  2. Mineral and lipid storage
  3. Blood cell production
  4. Protection
  5. Leverage
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3
Q

Sutural bones

A

Small, flat bones found between flat bones of skull

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4
Q

Irregular bones

A

Complex shapes that form spinal columns, bones of pelvis, several bones in skull

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5
Q

Short bones

A

Boxlike e.g. carpal and tarsal bones

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6
Q

Flat bones

A

Thin, parallel surface that protect soft tissue

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7
Q

Long bones

A

Long, slender bones like arm, forearms and thighs

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8
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Small, round, flat e.g. patella

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9
Q

Projections

A

Where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach and where adjacent bones form joints

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10
Q

Openings and depressions

A

Where blood vessels or nerves lie alongside or penetrate the bone

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11
Q

Diaphysis

A

Extender tubular shaft of long bone made of compact bone

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12
Q

Epiphysis

A

Expanded area at the ends of long bones made of spongy bone

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13
Q

Metaphysis

A

Narrow zone joining diaphysis and epiphysis

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14
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Central space in long bone

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15
Q

Spongy bone

A

Consists of an open network of struts and plates

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16
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense and solid bone

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17
Q

Bone tissue

A

Supporting connective tissue

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18
Q

Why is the bone matrix very dense?

A

Due to deposits of calcium salts around the protein fibres

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19
Q

Where are osteocytes found?

A

In pockets called lacunae in the bone matrix

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20
Q

Canaliculi

A

Narrow passageways through the bone matrix

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21
Q

Periosteum

A

Covers the outer surfaces of the bone except at joints

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22
Q

What makes up almost two-thirds of the weight of bone?

A

Calcium phosphate

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23
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

Crystals formed from calcium phophate and calcium hydroxide

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24
Q

Calcium phosphate

A

Hard but inflexible and brittle crystals

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25
Collagen fibres
Stronger than calcium phosphate and also flexible
26
Osteogenic cells
Stem cells whose divisions produce osteoblasts
27
Where are osteogenic cells found?
Inner, cellular layer of the periosteum
28
Which bone cells are important in repair of fractures?
Osteogenic cells
29
Endosteum
Lines medullary cavities and passageways for blood vessels that penetrate the matrix of compact bone
30
Osteoblasts
Produce new bone matrix through osteogenesis by making proteins and other organic components of the matrix
31
Osteoid
The organic bone matrix made by osteoblasts before calcium salts are deposited
32
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells that make up most of the cell population
33
Lacuna
Pockets sandwiched between layers of matrix | Each osteocyte occupies a lacuna
34
Can osteocytes divide?
No
35
How do osteocytes exchange nutrients and hormones?
Gap junctions
36
Functions of osteocytes
1. Maintain protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix 2. Take part in the repair of damaged bone
37
Osteoclasts
Absorb and remove bone matrix
38
Where are osteoclasts found?
Osteoclastic crypts
39
Osteolysis
The erosion process of the bone matrix
40
Function of compact bone
To protect, support, and resist stress
41
Function of spongy bone
Provides some support and stores marrow
42
Osteon
Basic functional unit of mature compact bone
43
Central canal
Contains one or more blood vessels that carry blood to and from the osteon They run parallel to the surface of the bone
44
Perforating canals
Extend perpendicular to the surface containing blood vessels that supply blood both to osteons deeper in the bone and to tissues of the medullary cavity
45
Lamellae
Bone matrix layers
46
When is compact bone thickest?
When stresses are applied from a limited number of directions (all osteons in compact bone are aligned the same)
47
Are osteons present in spongy bone?
No
48
Trabeculae
- A meshwork of supporting bundles of fibres formed by the matrix in spongy bone - Supports and protects bone marrow
49
Where is spongy bone found?
Where bones are not heavily stressed or where stresses originate from many directions
50
Are there capillaries or venules in the matrix of spongy bone?
No
51
Where is red bone marrow found?
Spongy bone within the epiphyses of long bones
52
Yellow bone marrow
Stores adipose tissue
53
Composition of the periosteum
Fibrous outer layer and inner cellular layer
54
2 surface coverings of the bone
Periosteum (outer) and endosteum (inner)
55
Ossification
The physical process of bone formation and bone growth
56
Calcification
Deposition of calcium salts during ossification
57
Calcified tissue
Results from calcification taking place in tissues other than the bone
58
Endochondral ossification
Bone replaces existing cartilage and then bone growth occurs through interstitial growth (in length) and appositional growth (in width)
59
Intramembranous ossification
Bone develops directly from mesenchyme or fibrous connective tissue
60
Where does endochondral ossification mostly occur?
In long bones
61
Where does intramembranous ossification mostly occur?
In flat bones
62
3 major sets of blood vessels in typical bones
1. Nutrient artery and vein 2. Metaphyseal vessel 3. Perisoteal vessel
63
Hormones
Calcitriol/calcitonin - calcium and phosphate ion absorption | Growth hormone, thyroxine, sex hormones, parathyroid hormones - stimulate osteoblasts
64
Calcium and neurons/mucle cells
Calcium ions increase by 30% - unresponsive | Calcium ions decrease by 35% - overexcitable
65
2 hormones that maintain calcium ion homeostasis
Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
66
Parathyroid hormone
Increases blood calcium ion levels
67
Calcitonin
Reduces osteoclast activity, decreasing blood calcium ion levels
68
2 types of fractures
Open (compound): project through the skin | Closed (simple): completely internal
69
Repair of a fracture
1. Fracture hematoma formation 2. Callus formation 3. Spongy bone formation 4. Compact bone formation
70
Osteopenia
Inadequate ossification that happens with ageing
71
Osteoporosis
When the reduction in bone mass is sufficient to compromise normal function
72
Osteoclast-activating factor
A chemical released by by cancers of the bone marrow, breast, or other tissues producing severe osteoporosis

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (25 decks)

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