Joints

Question 1

2 ways of classifying joints

Answer 1

Structural and functional

Question 2

Structural classification of joints

Answer 2

1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Bony (form when fibrous or cartilaginous joints ossify)
4. Synovial

Question 3

Synarthrosis

Answer 3

Immovable joint that can be fibrous, cartilaginous or bony

Question 4

Amphiarthrosis

Answer 4

Slightly movable joint that can be fibrous or cartilaginous

Question 5

Diarthrosis

Answer 5

Freely movable joint or synovial joint

Question 6

Joint capsule

Answer 6

Surrounds the synovial joint

Question 7

Articular cartilage

Answer 7

Provides smooth, frictionless movement

Question 8

Synovial fluid

Answer 8

Clear, viscous solution containing proteoglycans

Question 9

Functions of synovial fluid

Answer 9

1. Lubrication
2. Nutrient distribution
3. Shock absorption

Question 10

Meniscus

Answer 10

A fibrocartilage pad lying between opposing articular surfaces

Question 11

Fat pads

Answer 11

Localised masses of adipose tissue covered by a layer of synovial membrane

Question 12

Ligaments

Answer 12

Localised thickenings that support, strengthen and reinforce synovial joints

Question 13

Sprain

Answer 13

When a ligament is stretched so much that some of the collagen fibres are torn, but the ligament as a whole survives and the joint is not damaged

Question 14

Tendons

Answer 14

Connect to the fleshy part of muscles to bones that make up the joint

Question 15

Bursae

Answer 15

Small, thin, fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue that reduce friction and act as shock absorbers

Question 16

Factors that stabilise synovial joints

Answer 16

1. Collagen fibres
2. Shapes of articulating surface and menisci
3. Presence of other bones, muscles, or fat pads
4. Tension in tendons attached to articulating bones

Question 17

Intervertebral disc

Answer 17

Tough outer layer of anulus fibrosus
Anulus fibrosus surrounds soft inner core nucleus polposus
Vertebral end plates cover superior and inferior surface of the disc

Question 18

Intervertebral joints

Answer 18

1. Intervertebral discs

2. Intervertebral ligaments

Question 19

Structure of elbow joint

Answer 19

Complex hinge joint

Main joint humero-ulnar joint

Question 20

What limits the degree of extension in the elbow joint?

Answer 20

Shape of the trochlear notch of the ulna and the olecranon

Question 21

Why is the elbow joint stable?

Answer 21

1. The bony surfaces of the humerus and ulna interlock
2. A single, thick joint capsule surrounds both humero-ulnar and proximal radio-ulnar joints
3. Strong ligaments reinforce joint capsule

Question 22

Function of knee joint

Answer 22

Transfers weight from femur to tibia

Question 23

Medial and lateral menisci

Answer 23

Lie between femoral and tibial surfaces to cushion, change shape and provide lateral stability.

Question 24

Why is a complete dislocation of the knee very rare?

Answer 24

Seven major ligaments stabilise the knee joint

Question 25

Shoulder joint

Answer 25

Ball and socket diarthrosis formed by articulation of humerus with glenoid cavity of scapula

Question 26

Hip joint

Answer 26

Ball and socket diarthrosis formed between acetabulum oh the hip bone and the head of the femur

Question 27

Movements of hip joint

Answer 27

Flexion-extension, adduction-abduction, circumduction and rotation

Question 28

Movement of elbow joint

Answer 28

Flexion-extension only

Question 29

Movement of knee joint

Answer 29

Flexion-extension and limited rotation

Question 30

Rheumatism

Answer 30

General term for pain and stiffness affecting the musculoskeletal system

Question 31

Arthiritis

Answer 31

Joint inflammation and encompasses all the rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints

Question 32

What does arthritis always involve?

Answer 32

Damage to articular cartilages

Question 33

4 major types of synarthroses

Answer 33

1. Suture 2. Gomphosis 3. Synchondrosis 4. Synostosis

Question 34

2 major types of amphiarthroses

Answer 34

1. Syndesmosis | 2. Sympysis

Question 35

Dislocation

Answer 35

Occurs when articulating surfaces are forced out of position

Question 36

Systems interacting with skeletal system

Answer 36

Integumentary, muscular, cardiovascular, lymphatic, digestive, urinary and endocrine systems