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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology > The Special Senses > Flashcards

The Special Senses Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Olfactory organs

A

Contain olfactory epithelium with olfactory receptors, supporting cells, and basal stem cells

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2
Q

Olfactory glands

A

Secretions of olfactory glands coat the surface of olfactory organs

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3
Q

Olfaction

A

Arriving information reaches the information centres without first synapsing in the thalamus

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4
Q

Olfactory reception

A

Involves detecting dissolved chemicals as they interact with odor-binding proteins

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5
Q

How does the CNS interpret smells?

A

By the pattern of receptor activity

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6
Q

Gustatory epithelial cells

A

Cluster in taste buds

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7
Q

Taste buds

A
  • Associate with epithelial projections on the tongue
  • Each taste bud contains basal epithelial cells (stem cells) and gustatory epithelial cells, which extend taste hairs through a narrow taste pore
  • Monitored by cranial nerves that synapse within the solitary nucleus of the medulla oblongata. Post synaptic neurons carry the nerve impulses on to the thalamus, where third-order neurons project to the somatosensory cortex
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8
Q

Primary taste sensations

A

Sweet, salty, sour and bitter

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9
Q

Accessory structures of the eye

A

Eyelids, seperated by palpebral fissure, eyelashes and tarsal glands

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10
Q

Conjuctiva

A

Epithelia covering the inner surfaces of the eyelids and the most exposed surface of the eye

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11
Q

Lacrimal gland

A

Secretes something containing lysozome

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12
Q

Tears

A

Collect in lacrimal lake
Reach the inferior meatus of the nose after they pass through lacrimal puncta, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac and nasocrimal duct

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13
Q

3 layers of the eyes

A

Outer fibrous layer
Middle vascular layer (uvea)
Deeper inner layer (retina)

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14
Q

Fibrous layer

A

Sclera, cornea and corneoscleral junction

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15
Q

Vascular layer, uvea

A

Iris, ciliary body and choroid

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16
Q

Iris

A

Contains muscle fibres that change the diameter of pupil

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17
Q

Ciliary body

A

Ciliary muscle and the ciliary processes which attach to the ciliary zonule of the lens

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18
Q

Inner layer, retina

A

Consists of a thin lining called the pugmented layer and a thicker covering called the neural layer which contains visual receptors and associated neurons

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19
Q

2 types of photoreceptors in retina

A

Rods and cones

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20
Q

Cones

A

Densely clustered in the fovea centralis, at the centre of the macula

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21
Q

Light to brain

A

Photoreceptors > bipolar cells > ganglion cells > brain via optic nerve

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22
Q

Optic disc

A
  • Blind spot

- Axons of ganglion cells converge at the optic disc

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23
Q

Horizontal cells and amacrine cells

A

Modify the signals passed among other components of the retina

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24
Q

Posterior cavity

A

Ciliary body and lens divide the interior of the eye into the large posterior cavity. and a smaller anterior cavity

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25
Anterior cavity
Subdivided into anterior chamber which extends from the cornea to the iris and a posterior chamber, between the iris and the ciliary body and lens
26
Aqueous humor
Circulates within the eye and reenters the circulation after diffusing through the walls of the anterior chamber and into the scleral venous sinus
27
Lens
Lies posterior to the cornea and forms the anterior boundary of the posterior cavity which contains the vitreous body
28
Vitreous body
Clear gelatinous mass that helps stabilise the shape of the eye and support the retina
29
Cataract
A condition in which the lens has lost its transparency
30
Light refraction
Light is refracted (bent) when it passes through the cornea and lens
31
Accommodation
When the shape of the lens changes to focus an image on the retina
32
Visual acuity
20/20
33
Rods
Respond to almost any photon, regardless of its energy content
34
Cones
Have characteristic ranges of sensitivity
35
Outer segment
- Each photoreceptor contains an outer segment with membranous discs - A narrow stalk connects the outer segment to the inner segment
36
Visual pigments
Where light absorption occurs | Derivates of rhodopsin
37
Colour sensitivity
Depends on the integration of information from red, green and blue cones
38
Colour blindness
Inability to detect certain colours
39
What happens when photons are absent?
A photoreceptor produces a dark current and constantly releases neurotransmitter Photon absorption reduces the dark current and decreases the release of neurotransmitter to the bipolar cell
40
Bleaching
Rhodopsin molecules are broken apart to regenerate retinal back to its photon-absorbing 11-cis form
41
Dark-adapted state
Most visual pigments are fully receptive to stimulation
42
Light-adapted state
The pupil constricts and bleaching of the visual pigments takes place
43
M cells
- Ganglion cells that monitor rods | - Relatively large
44
P cells
Smaller and more numerous than M cells
45
Visual data
Visual data from the left half of the combined field of vision arrive at the visual cortex of the right occipital lobe Data from the right half of the combined field of vision arrive at the visual cortex of the left occipital lobe
46
Depth perception
Resolved by comparing relative positions of objects between the left and right eye images
47
Circadian rhythm
Visual inputs to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus affect the function of other brainstem nuclei This nucleus establishes a visceral circadian rhythm which is tied to the day-night cycle and affects other metabolic processes
48
Divisions of the ear
External ear, middle ear and internal ear
49
External ear
Includes the auricle, which surrounds the entrance to the external acoustic meatus which ends at the tympanic membrane
50
Middle ear
- Communicates with the nasopharynx by the auditory tube | - Encloses and protects the auditory ossicles
51
Internal ear
Membranous labyrinth of the internal ear contains the fluid endolymph Bony labyrinth surrounds and protects the membranous labyrinth and can be subdivided into the vestibule, the semicircular canals and the cochlea
52
Vestibule of inner ear
Encloses saccule and utricle
53
Semicircular canals
Contain the semicircular ducts
54
Cochlea
Contain the cochlear duct, an elongated portion of the membranous labyrinth
55
Round window
Seperates the perilymph from the air spaces of the middle ear
56
Oval window
Connected to the base of the stapes
57
Hair cells
- Basic sensory receptors of the internal ear | - Provide information about the direction and strength of mechanical stimuli
58
Anterior, posterior, and lateral semicircular ducts
Continuous with the utricle | Each duct contains an ampullary crest with gelatinous ampullary cupula and associated sensory receptors
59
Endolymphatic duct
Continuous with a passageway that connects the saccule and utricle
60
Endolymphatic sac
Endolymphatic duct terminates in the endolymphatic sac
61
Maculae
In the saccule and utricle, hair cells cluster Surface of the membrane contains calcium carbonate crystals called otoliths
62
Vestibular ganglia
Vestibular receptors activate sensory neurons of the vestibular ganglia The axons form the vestibular nerve, synapsing within the vestibular nuclei
63
Sound waves
Travel toward the tympanic membrane which vibrates, and auditory ossicles then conduct these vibrations to the internal ear Movement at the oval window applies pressure to the perilymph of the scala vestibuli
64
Cochlear duct
Lies between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani
65
Spiral organ
Hair cells of the cochlear duct lie within the spiral organ
66
Basilar membrane
Pressure waves distort the basilar membrane and push the hair cells of the spiral organs against tectorial membrane Tensor tympani and stapedius contract to reduce the amount of motion when very loud sounds arrive
67
Sensory neurons in the ear
Located in the spiral ganglion of the cochlea
68
Cochlear nerve
- Affarent fibres of sensory neurons in ear form cochlear nerve and synapse at left or right cochlear nucleus

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (25 decks)

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