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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology > The Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

The Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

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1
Q

4 brain regions

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Dicenephalon
  4. Brainstem
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2
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Largest portion

- Conscious thoughts, sensations, intellect, memory and complex movement

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3
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Large left and right hemisphere
Surface covered by collection of neurons that form a thin superficial layer of gray matter called cerebral cortex
Cerebral cortex form elevations called gyri
Gyri separated by
Shallow grooves called sulci
Deeper grooves called fissures

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4
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Second largest, partially hidden by cerebral hemispheres
  • Covered by a sheet of gray matter called the cerebellar cortex
  • Adjust ongoing movement by comparing arriving sensations with previously experienced sensations
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5
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus: relay and processing centres for sensory information
Hypothalamus: contains centres involved with emotions, autonomic function and hormone production
Infundibulum: connects hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

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6
Q

Brainstem

A
  • Contains a variety of important processing centres and nuclei that relay information headed to or from the cerebrum or cerebellum
  • Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
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7
Q

Midbrain

A

Contains nuclei that process visual and auditory information and control reflexes triggered by these stimuli e.g. reflexes to loud noises

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8
Q

Pons

A
  • The brain connects the cerebellum to the brainstem

- Tracts, relay centres and somatic and visceral motor control

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9
Q

Medulla oblongata

A
  • Connects the brain to the spinal cord
  • Central canal
  • Relays sensory information to the thalamus and to centres in other portions of the brainstem
  • Controls autonomic functions e.g. heart rate
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10
Q

Primary brain vesicles

A
  • 3 weeks

- Three swellings in the neural tube: forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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11
Q

Secondary brain vesicles

A
  • 6 weeks

- Telencephaon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

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12
Q

Brain regions at birth

A

Cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum and pons, medulla oblongata

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13
Q

Ventricles

A

During development, neural tubes form chambers called ventricles
Lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle
Contain CSF

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14
Q

Cranial meninges

A

Continuous with spinal meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)

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15
Q

Dura mater

A
  • Outer and inner fibrous layers
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16
Q

Dural folds

A

Inward projections that provide additional stabilisation and support to the brain

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17
Q

Dural venous sinuses

A

Large collecting veins located within dural folds

Veins of the brain open into these sinuses

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18
Q

Largest dural folds

A

Falx cerebri: superior and inferior sagittal sinus lie within falx cerbri
Tentorium cerebelli: protects the cerebellum and seperates it from cerebral hemispheres
Falx cerebelli: divides two cerebral hemispheres

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19
Q

Subdural space

A

Separates dura mater from arachnoid mater as a result of disease or trauma

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20
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Covers brain with a smooth surface, doesn’t follow brain’s underlying folds

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21
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Contains cells and fibres of the arachnoid trabeculae

Lies between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater

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22
Q

Pia mater

A

Sticks closely to the surface of the brain

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23
Q

Functions of CSF

A

Supporting the brain
Cushioning neural structures
Transporting nutrients, chemical messengers, and wastes

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24
Q

Choroid plexus

A

An area within each ventricle that produces CSF

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25
CSF
Filtrate produced by the fluid leaking out of capillaries in the choroid plexuses. Ependymal cells then secrete CSF into ventricles
26
Epidural hemorrhage
When blood is forced between dura mater and skull
27
Subdural hemorrhage
Bleeding between dura mater and arachnoid mater
28
CSF production
1. Produced at choroid plexuses 2. Reaches subarachnoid space through later and median aperture 3. Diffuses across arachnoid granulations 4. Goes into superior sagittal sinus
29
Blood brain barrier
Isolates nervous tissue from general circulation
30
Where is the BBB incomplete?
In parts of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland and choroid plexus
31
Cerebrovascular diseases
Cardiovascular disorders that interfere with normal blood supply to brain`
32
Cerebrovascular accident
Stroke | Occurs when blood supply to portions of the brain is shut off
33
Why don't substances have free access to the CNS?
Because specialised ependymal cells create a blood CSF barrier
34
Relay stations of the medulla oblongata
Olivary nuclei | Reflex centres inc. cardiovascular, respiratory rhythmicity centre
35
Reticular formation
Begins in the medulla oblongata and extends into more superior portions of the brainstem
36
Pons
Contains 1. Sensory and motor nuclei for four cranial nerves 2. Nuclei that help control respiration 3. Nuclei and tracts linking the cerebellum with the brainstem, cerebrum, and spinal cord 4. Ascending, descending and transverse tracts
37
Tectum
Roof of the midbrain | Contains corpora quadrigemina (superior and inferior colliculi)
38
Tegmentum
Contains red nucleus, substantia nigra, cerebral peduncles and headquarters of the reticular activating system (RAS)
39
Cerebellum
Adjusts postural muscles and programs and tunes ongoing movements 2 cerebral hemispheres consist of anterior and posterior lobes, vermis and flocculonodular lobe
40
Superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles
Link the cerebellum with the brainstem, diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord and connect the two cerebral hemispheres
41
Diencephalon
Composed of the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus
42
Thalamus
Final relay point for ascending sensory information and coordinates the activities of the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
43
Hypothalamus
1. Secretes certain hormones 2. Regulate body temperature 3. Control autonomic function 4. Coordinate voluntary and autonomic function 5. Coordinate activities of the nervous and endocrine systems 6. Regulate circadian cycles of activity 7. Control skeletal muscle contractions at the subconscious level 8. Produce emotions and behavioural drives
44
Limbic system
Amygdaloid body, cingulate gyrus, denate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, fornix Emotional states, behavioural drives and memory
45
White matter of cerebrum
Association fibres, commissural fibres and projection fibres
46
Basal nuclei
Caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen Control muscle tone, coordinate learned movement patterns and other somatic motor activites
47
Primary motor cortex of the precentral gyrus
Directs voluntary movement
48
Primary somatosensory cortex of the postcentral gyrus
Receives somatic sensory information from touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, and temperature receptors
49
Association areas
Somatic sensory association, visual association area, premotor cortex Control our ability to understand sensory information and coordinate a motor response
50
Specialised language areas of the brain
Receive information from all the sensory association areas. It is usually dominant in only one hemisphere - generally the left
51
Prefrontal cortex
Coordinates information from the secondary and special association areas of the entire cortex and performs abstract intellectual functions
52
Broca's area and Wernicke's area
- Left hemisphere | - Responsible for language-based skill
53
Right hemisphere
Typically responsible for spatial relationship and analyses
54
Electrocephalogram
- Alpha waves appear in healthy resting adults - Beta waves occur when adults are concentrating - Theta waves appear in children - Delta waves are normal during sleep
55
Cranial nerves
- 12 pairs - Each nerve attaches to ventrolateral surface of the brain stem near associated sensory or motor nuclei - Except for CN I and CN II
56
Olfactory nerves (I)
- Carry sensory information responsible for the sense of smell - Olfactory afferents synapse within olfactory bulbs
57
Optic nerves (II)
Carry visual information from special sensory receptors in the eye
58
Oculomotor nerves (III)
Primary source of innervation for four extrinsic eye muscles
59
Trochlear nerves (IV)
- Smallest cranial nerves | - Innervate superior oblique muscles of the eye
60
Trigeminal nerves (V)
- Largest cranial nerves are mixed nerves with three divisions: opthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve
61
Abducens nerves (VI)
- Innervate lateral rectus muscles of the eyes
62
Facial nerves (VII)
- Mixed nerves that control muscles of the scalp and face | - Provide pressure sensations over the face and receive taste information from the tongue
63
Vestibulochoclear nerves (VIII)
- Contains vestibular nerve which monitors sensations of balance, position and movement - Contains cochlear nerve monitors hearing receptors
64
Glossopharyngeal nerves (IX)
Mixed nerves that innervate the tongue and pharynx and control the action of swallowing
65
Vagus nerves (X)
Mixed nerves that are vital to the autonomic control of visceral function int he thorax and abdomen
66
Accessory nerves (XI)
- Have internal branches which innervate voluntary swallowing muscles of the soft palate and pharynx - Have external branches which control muscles associated with pectoral girdle
67
Hypoglossal nerves (XII)
Provide voluntary motor control over tongue movements
68
Cranial reflexes
Monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex arcs that involve sensor and motor fibres of the cranial nerves

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (25 decks)

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