Neuro 1 pt2

Question 1

Name the Cranial nerves

Answer 1

I. Olfactory

2. Optic
3. Oculomotor
4. Trochlear
5. Trigeminal
6. Abducent
7. Facial
8. Vestibulocochlear
9. Glossopharyngeal
10. Vagus
11. Accessory
12. Hypoglossal

Question 2

3 parts of the brainstem

Each part contains which cranial nerves?

Answer 2

Diencephalon/Midbrain (CN I-IV are located here)
Pons (CN 5-VIII are located here)
Medulla (CN IV-XII are located here)

Question 3

3 Brain Stem functions

Answer 3

Alertness/Sleep
All the Vital signs: BP/HR/Resp/Temp
Swallowing

Question 4

Damage to ____: they keep talking and talking, rapidly and clearly, but they can’t understand what’s going on in their environment.

Answer 4

Wernicke’s

Question 5

How many of the 2 hemispheres must be “ok” for consciousness?

Answer 5

At least one

Question 6

Left cerebellum controls what side (of your limbs)?

Answer 6

Ipsilateral: left cerebellum controls left, right controls right.
Other than this, right brain controls left side of body and vice versa

Question 7

Series of 3 Sensory neurons for cortex to get the message

Answer 7

1st order neuron: body surface stimuli to dorsal root ganglion outside spinal cord
2nd order neuron: in spinal column and decussates before ascending to Thalamus
3rd order neuron: Thalamus to cortex

Question 8

Where are UMN (upper motor neuron) lesions located??

Answer 8

Anywhere at or above the dorsal root ganglion of the spinal cord.

Question 9

___ are the common pathway

for all motor impulses; aka ___ stimulate all effector muscles.

Answer 9

LMN (low motor neurons)

Question 10

Define an Upper Motor Neuron

and Lower Motor Neuron

Answer 10

UMN - any motor neurons that are not directly responsible for stimulating the effector muscle.
LMN - the motor neurons that do reach and stimulate the effector muscle

Question 11

The nipples are at what spinal level?

And the umbilicus?

Answer 11

T4: nipple line
T10: umbilicus

Question 12

Ischemic/Vascular: (\_\_)
Structural: (\_\_, \_\_)
Neurodegenerative: (\_\_, \_\_) 
Immune-mediated: (\_\_, \_\_)
Trauma (\_\_, \_\_)

Answer 12

Ischemic/Vascular: (stroke)
Structural: (Tumors, hydrocephalus)
Neurodegenerative: (dementias, PD) 
Immune-mediated: (MS, MG)
Trauma (fractures, bleeds)

Question 13

Sum up neurodegenerative diseases

Answer 13

Neurodegenerative diseases get only worse and worse, there is no cure. The rate can only be slowed down with medications.

Question 14

*How can you Distinguish mononeuropathies vs. polyneuropathies? (what type of test)

Answer 14

Nerve Conduction Studies

Question 15

4 facts about Nerve Conduction Studies

Answer 15

Electrodes record conduction velocity
Amplitude indicates #functional motor units
Duration reflects range of conduction velocities in nerve
Distinguishes mononeuropathies vs. polyneuropathies

Question 16

What test is used to assess peripheral nerves?

Answer 16

Electromyography (EMG)

Question 17

4 facts about EMG

Answer 17

used to assess peripheral nerves
needles placed in muscle
records muscle electrical activity @ rest and during activity
performed 2-3 wks p proximal injury; 4-6 wks p distal injury

Question 18

Why is an EMG done 2-3 weeks after an injury, and not immediately after?

Answer 18

After an injury, the nerve will still conduct impulses normally. The damage will take several weeks to reach the other end and be noticed by the test.

the prof used a “bomb in a hallway scenario” - until the bomb reaches you, you can still get to the other end of the hallway just fine.

Question 19

EMG distinguishes a motor disorder as: (3)

Answer 19

neuropathic, myopathic, or from neuromuscular junction

Question 20

Nerve conduction studies + EMG can do what?

Answer 20

severity of nerve damage and distinguish UMN v. LMN