Neuro02-01 Flashcards
(20 cards)
(1)
(2)
(Neural Injuries or response)
(3)
(Classification by degree of cell death)
(selective neuronal necrosis)
- why does this occur?
- gross changes?
(Pan-necrosis (Malacic disease))
- general insults may affect what?
- Selective vulnerability
general insults may directly or indirectly destroy neurons and supporting cell or tissue (vessels, glia) in specific areas of the brain
focal or regional malacia
- due to high metabolic rate
- none/minimal
- all tissue elements (neurons, glia, vessels)
(4)
(Causes of Neuronal Degeneration)
(Hotel By RHINE)
1-7. what are they?
(+look at extra details)
- hypoxia/ischemia
- bacterial toxins
- reduced ATP generation
- heavy metals
- inflammatory mediators
- nutritional deficiency: Thiamine, copper, Vit E
- excitotoxicity
(5)
(Consequences of Degenerative disease)
1-3. what three?
1 increased intracranial pressure
- Necrosis or apoptosis of nerve tissue
- brain atrophy
(6)
(Gross features of degenerative disease)
1-4. what four?
- brain swelling
- flattening of gyri
- herniation
- asymmetry
(7)
(Origin of degenerative disease of the nervous system)
1-4. what four?
(Neutral Milk Hotel Tour)
- nutritional disease
- metabolic disease
- hereditary (familiar and idiopathic degenerative disease)
- toxic disease
(8)
(Nutritional Causes of Degenerative disease)
- copper deficiency
what in lamb and goats?
- Thiamine def
what two?
- Vit E deficiency
in what?
- swaysback and enzootic ataxia
- polioencephalomacia
Chastek’s paralysis
- equiine degenerative myeloencephalopathy
(9)
(Metabolic causes of degenerative disease)
1-3. what three?
- hypoglycemia
- aminiaciopathies (Bovine)
3 hepatic encephalopathy
(10)
(Toxic causes of degenrative disease)
(heavy metals)
- which ones?
(organic and inorganic compounds)
- like what? (look at pic for answer)
(toxic plants)
3 like what?
(microbial toxins)
- like what
- arsenic, lead, mercury
(11)
(Hereditary, familiar and idiopathic degenerative disease)
(storage diseases)
- inherited or acquired?
(Multisystem neuronal degenerations)
- like what?
- either…
(12)
C
(13)
(Hypoglycemia)
- A primary energy failure in which what occurs?
- Neurons where are most susceptible?
- the first morph evidence of neuronal degeneartion = ?
- Light microscopic changes are characterized by what?
- what are two causes?
- highly susceptible cell populations are affected (selective neuronal necrosis) by a delayed onset of degeneration and necrosis
- superficial cerebral cortex and hippocampus (selective neuronal vulnerability)
3 mitochondrial swelling
- hypereosinophilia of neurons (difficult to distinguish from autolysis)
- insulinoemia
piglets in first week of life (incapable of gluconeogenesis)
(14)
(Aminoacidopathies (Bovine))
(Maple syrup urine disease)
- inheritied defect of what?
- accumulation of what?
- marked what?
(Citrullinemia)
- inborn error of metabolism of what?
- accumulation of what in fluids?
- brain edema (cytotoxic edema)
- chain ketoacid dehydrogenase complex enzyme
- ketoacids and abnormal metabolites
- status spongiosus
- urea cycle
- citrullin and ammonia (and abnormal metabolites (hyperamonemia)
(15)
(Hepatoencephalopathy)
- CNS disease caused by what?
may be caused by what?
- Mechanisms of cerebral malfunction include:
inhibition of what?
direct toxic effect of what?
exposure to what?
- Structural changes ard mild and insignificant
small animals - may look like what?
herbivores - look how?
- insufficient processing of portal blood by liver
portal-caval shunt, extreme hepatic malfunction
- energy metabolism (loss of Kreb’s cycle intermediates)
increased blood ammonia (vasogenic or cytotoxic edema)
NT (glutamine, GABA) and false NT (tyramine, octamine, b-phenylethanolomine)
- normal aging (may be primary demyelination if prolonged edema)
more subtle - astrocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia
(16)
(Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy)
- a neuroaxonal dystrophy affecting what?
manifesting as what?
- functional defect involvens what?
- In some instances, there is acquired/heritable predisposition
like what?
- anatomic changes
spheroids affecting what?
spheroids contain what?
distribution: where in brainstem?
- proprioceptive system neurons
spinal cord disease
- axoplasmic transport
- vit E deficiency
heriatble (morgans, rottweilers)
- distal axon segment
neurofilament tangles, membranous whorls, and lysosomal bodies
proprioceptive nuclei of the brainstem, (accessory cuneate, cuneatre, gracilus)
(17)
(Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Deficiency)
- thiamine is a cofactor in what?
- Deficiency results in degenerative and necrotic changes in tissues that have a high demand for the vitamin and is associated with decreased what?
- what tissue is most susc?
- Changes are characterized by what?
- changes differ in distribution with species
- deficiency may be documented by what trhee things?
- oxidative energy pathways
- high‐energy phosphate levels
- CNS
- vascular damage and neuronal damage progressing to malacia
- decreased CNS tissue content
decreased thiamine-dependent serum enzymes (eg pyruvate kinase)
occurrence of charactersitc lesions
(18)
(polioencephalomalacia - Ruminants)
1-5. what are the five suggested mechanisms?
- decreased ruminal production of thiamine by microflora
- feeder cattle (decreased rumen pH)
- animals consuming thiaminase (coccidosatic amprolium, horsetail, brackenfern)
- decrased thiamine absorption
- excessive sulfide intake (important w/o concurrent thiamine deficiency)
(mostc ases of polioencephalomalacia in feedlot cattle occur 15‐30 days following introduction of a high sulfur diet.)
(19)
(Polioencephalomalacia - Ruminants)
- neuronal lesions predominate early
edema of what?
evident grossly as what?
- classical lesion is characterized by what?
associated with brain swelling, gitter cells will begin to accumulate, deep lamina may eventually be involved
evident grossly as what?
- if animal survives several day - separation of what may occur?
1 neuropil, prominent small vesses, neuronal necrosis
cerebral swelling +- herniation, flattening of gyri, pallor, petehcia
- “laminar necrosis malacia”
thin line following sulci and gyri (in fixes/unfixed will fluoresce)
- lamina
(20)
(Chastek’s Paralysis)
- Carnivores need dietary thiamine (ruminants make themeselves) - this is easy to meet unless what?
then just read this…
- diet is high in thiamininases (raw fish)
