Repro02

Question 1

(1)

(Oviduct (Fallopian Tube))

(hyrdosalpinx)

1. defintion?

obstruction of what?

developmental problems - like what?

trauma and inflammation due to what?

Answer 1

1. distension of oviduct with fluid

tube

white heifer disease

rectal palpation

Question 2

(2)

(Oviduct)

(salpingitis)
* (salpin = oviduct)*
1. what is it?
1. 2 ascends from what?
1. 3 trauma
1. 4 may progress to what?

Answer 2

1. inflammation of oviduct
2. 2 uterine infection
3. 4 adhesions, obstructions, infertility

Question 3

(2)

(Oviduct)

(Pyosalpinx)

1. filled with what?
2. 2 follows what?
3. wall thickened with what?
4. 2. can lead to what?

Answer 3

1. pus
2. 2 uterine infection
3. inflammatory cells
4. 2. peritonitis

Question 4

(4)

(Uterus)

1. changes in position = what?
2. 2. torsion is a twisting or rotation of a part along what?
3. 3 affects what?

most common in what?

Answer 4

1. torsion
2. 2. its axis
3. 3 pregnant uterus

cattle

Question 5

(5)

(Uterine Torsion)

1. most cases rotate at what?

outcome depends on what?

2. 90 deg = ?
3. 180 deg = ?
4. over 180 deg = ?

Answer 5

1. cervix

degree of rotation

2. subclinical
3. dystocia (difficult childbirth)
4. circulatory problem leading to placental edema, fetal death, friable uterine wall due to swelling and edema

Question 6

(6)

(Sequela of Uterine Torsion)

(ruptured uterus)

1. what may happen to fetus?
2. what happens if cervix is open?

Answer 6

1. enter abdominal cavity - mummified
2. fetus putrefies

Question 7

(7)

(Uterine Prolapse or eversion)

1. what animals?
2. decreased uterine tone (hypotony)

due to what two things?

3. uterus turned partially inside out from what?

Answer 7

1. cow and ewe
2. hypocalcemia (milk fever)

prolonged dystocia or retained placenta

3. forced extraction of calf or retained placenta

Question 8

(8)

(Uterine Prolapse)

1. uterine movements - causes complete eversion of uterus - intestine, non-gravid uterine horn, and urinary bladder may be inside of what?

leads to what?

2. death due to what?

Answer 8

1. prolapsed horn

necrosis and gangrene

2. shock, hemorrhage, loss of fluid and body heat

Question 9

(9)

(Uterine Rupture)

1. often secondary to what?
2. can be caused by what procedures?
3. most are fatal - why?

Answer 9

1. torsion, dystocia, iatrogenic
2. obstetricial, such as pulling calves/fetotomy or pipettes (infusion of much fluid into uterus or improper passage of pipette)
3. due to hemorrhage or secondary peritonitis

Question 10

(10)

(Uterine Hemorrhage)

1. uterus has extensive blood supply
2. dog & cat - normal hemorrhage where?
3. hemorrhage - do to what three things?

Answer 10

2. at periphery of placentation
3. torstion/prolapse

endometrial hyperplasia (esp if infected)

neoplastic condition

Question 11

(11)

(Endometrium)

(irregularities of endometrial growth)

1. atrophy - loss of what?

occurs in what four instances?

2. endometrium is flattened, underlying stroma is condensed and contains what?

Answer 11

1. trophic ovarian function

senility - old dogs, after ovariectomy, disorders of sexual development, normal in mare in winter anestrus

2. inactive glands

Question 12

(12)

(Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia)

1. important in what animals?

(etiology)

2. species other than dog: produced by what?
3. Dog: occurs with estrogen coupled with what?

Answer 12

1. ewe, bitch and queen
2. prolonged estrogenism (eg cow with functional ovarian follicular cyst or granulosa cell tumor)

sheep on subterranean clover (esrogenic)

3. prolonged progesteronism

Question 13

(13)

(Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia)

(Pathogenesis)

1. ovariectomized dog - what alone?
2. estrogen binds to estrogen receptors in endometiral epi cells and induces what?

progesterone causes secretion by what?

Answer 13

1. estrogen
2. formation of intracellular progesterone receptors

the endometrial glands

Question 14

(14)

(Adenomyosis vs. Endometriosis)

1. Adenomyosis is what?
2. Endometriosis is what?

occurs only in what animals?

Answer 14

1. benign condition characterized by an in-growth of endometrium into myometrium.
2. a condition in which endometrium is located outside the uterus.

Occurs only in animals that have a menstrual cycle – primates

Question 15

(15)

(Inflammation of the Uterus)

1. most uterine inflammation begins as what?
2. metritis - what layers of uterine wall inflamed?

usually when?

3. Normalnon-pregnantuterusismostlyresistantto infection. Infections usually are self-limiting and probably sub-clinical.

Answer 15

1. ednometritis (Inflammation of uterine mucosa only – sometimes caused by mild infection)
2. all layers

immediately after parturition

Question 16

(16)

(Inflammation of the Uterus - cont)

1. uterus under estrogen - resistant to infection

why?

2. Uterus under progesterone - susc to infection

why?

Answer 16

1. increased uterine motility - physical clearance, increased migration of PMN
2. increased secretion, release of immunosuppressants capable of inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation

Question 17

(17)

(Postpartum Uterine INfection)

1. commonly occurs after what?

What called when fluid in uterus after parturition containing blood, fetal fluids, placental remnants, cellular debris provides “media-like environment” for bacterial growth?

Answer 17

1. abnormal birth (twins, abortion, retained placenta, dystocia)

Lochia

Question 18

(18)

(Uterine Involution)

1. Progression of uterine involution after birth varies with the species

how long in mare?

in bovine?

Answer 18

1. nine days

caruncles desquamate in about 10 days. Endometrial epithelial repair complete by 50 days.

Question 19

(19)

(Sequela of Metritis)

(chris punt vs. severus snape for DS)

1-6. what are they?

(maybe don’t work too hard at this…)

Answer 19

1. chornic metris and endometritis (diag by endometrial biopsy)
2. pyelonephritis
3. salpingitis
4. spontaneous recovery - rest, then rebreed
5. death
6. septicemia - endocarditis - septic emboli to lungs

Question 20

(20)

(General Comments about pyometra)

1. definition?
2. common in what?

Answer 20

1. acute or chronic suppurative inflammation of the uterus with accumulations of pus in the lumen.

2 bitch, queen, cow, mare

Question 21

(21)

(Causes of Pyometra)

(Cervical Obstruction may lead to pyometra)

1-2. what two causes?

(Physiological cervical obstruction - most common)

1. what is partially closed?
2. requires influence of what?

Answer 21

1. mechanical - scarred due to injury at birth or from pipettes leading to fibrosis and cervical stenosis
2. segmental aplasia
3. cervix
4. progestereone from a fucntional or retained corpus luteuem

Question 22

(22)

(Pyometra of Cow)

1. definition?

Uterine infection causes a reduction in endometrial production of what?

Answer 22

1. pre-existing uterine infection (postpartum or veneraeal infection), the course of which is altered due to the influence of progesterone

prostaglandin f2 alpha (PGF2a) (leuteolytic factor)

Question 23

(23)

(Pyometra of Cow)

1. Decreased PGF2a leads to what?
2. Retained corpus luteum produces progesterone making the uterus more susceptible to what?
3. Maintains closure of cervix and inhibits what?

Answer 23

1. retained corpus luteum
2. infection.
3. myometrial contraction

Question 24

(24)

(Pyometra of Cow)

(Clinical and Gross Features)

1. usually occurs in what kind of cow?
2. retained what?
3. Cervixpartiallyclosed(butnocervicalplugof mucus so pus escapes (often see pus on tail hair)
4. Pusinvagina-seepusingutterofbarnbehind affected cow. As volume of pus increases gravity closes uterine opening by doing what?

Answer 24

1. post partum cow
2. CL
3. pressing against pelvic brim

Question 25

(25) (Pyometra of Cow) (Clinical and gross features) 1. is the cow sick or febrile? 2. Uterus - somewhat swollen and flaccid and contains pus, 60-100 ml up to one gallon – what often isolated? 3. life threatening? cow won't do what unless you (specifically you) intervene

Answer 25

1. no 2. Arcanobacterium (Actinomyces) pyogenes 3. no (as opposed to bitch) cycle

Question 26

(26) (Pyometra of Dog and Cat) 1. Def. Most cases are infected with inflammation superimposed upon cystic endometrial hyperplasia subsequent to what? Many cases occur during what?

Answer 26

1. prolonged hormonal imbalance. pseudopregnancy.

Question 27

(27) (Pyometra of Dog and Cat) (Path) 1. Functional corpus luteum - produces what? and increased secretion of what? 2. what makes uterus susceptible to infection? 3. Cervix is functionally closed or partially closed

Answer 27

1. cystic endometrial hyperplasia uterine glands 2. Progesterone

Question 28

(28) (Pyometra of Dog and Cat) (Clinical Signs of Canine Pyometra) 1. seen in what dogs mostly? 2. is bitch sick? 3. uterus contains what?

Answer 28

1. bitch over six years of age - average 8.2 years old, especially in non-bred 2. Bitch is very sick (vomiting, anorexia, lethargy, polyuria, polydipsia, may or may not have vaginal discharge) 3. varying amounts of fluid or pus - pendulous abdomen

Question 29

(28) (Pyometra of Dog and Cat) (Clinical Signs of Canine Pyometra - cont) 1. severely elevated what? 2. vaginal discharge? 3. increased thirst (polydipsia) - why?

Answer 29

1. WBC count = 40-50,000 microliter 2. can be (open/closed cervix) 3. Insensitivity to ADH from competitive binding of endotoxin to ADH receptors.

Question 30

(29) (Pyometra of Dog) (Sequela) (Dog dies of toxemia) 1.

Question 31

(31) (Pyometra of Mare) 1. Most but not all follow what? 2. Most continue to cycle during the disease but may be what? 3. importance of hormonal influence vs bitch and cow?

Answer 31

1. postpartum infections 2. irregular lengths 3. not as important

Question 32

(32) (Pyometra of Mare - cont) 1. what may keep uterus from emptying? 2. Chronic endometrial damage decreases PGF2a resulting in what? 3. what most commonly isolated?

Answer 32

1. Weight of the pus-filled uterus 2. persistent CL 3. Streptococcus zooepidemicus (followed by E. coli, Actinomyces sp, Pasteurella sp)

Question 33

Answer 33

A