dopamine:
- central location
- function
- ionotropic receptors
- metabotropic receptors
- other
central location: basal ganglia
function: motor control, pleasure, consciousness
ionotropic: none
metabotropic: D1,2,3
other: tyrosine derivative
norepinephrine
- central location
- function
- ionotropic receptors
- metabortopic receptors
- other
central location: pons/brainstem function: wakefullness ionotropic receptors: none metabotropic receptors: alpha and beta adrenergic other: tyrosine derivative
epineprhine
-only difference from norep
-central location: brainstem
serotonin
- central location
- function
- IT recept
- MT receptors
- other
- central location: raphe nuclei
- function: mood, wakefulness
- ITR: 5HT3 (vomiting)
- MTR: multiple 5HT6- mood
- other: trp derivative
histamine -central location function ITR MTR other
CL: hypothalamus fnct: waking ITR: none MTR: H1 and H2 other: histidine deriv
location of acetylcholine producing neurons
midbrain and pons
-striatum: mostly motor control cholen neurons here
acetylcholine general functions
consciousness, not awareness
- control of voluntary motion
- initiation of REM sleep
what is the protein that moves ach into vesicles
VAchT
how is acetylcholine broken down
-location
acetylcholinesterase
-bound to post-synaptic cell membrane
acetylcholine receptors: muscarininc
M1-M5
location and G(x)
M1: (neuronal) Gq, increase IP3/DAG, increase calcium
M2: cardiac: Gi, decrease cAMP, increase K+ efflux
M3: smooth m of bronchi, vasculature. Gq
M4: Gi
M5: Gq
acetylcholine receptors: nicotinic
5 subunits: a,b,g,d,e
-ionotropic: allow sodium influx, some neuronal forms allow for significant Ca++ influx
acetylcholine function
wakefulness
what are the inhibitory amino acids
GABA and glycine
where are GABA neurons located?
cerebellum, cortex, retina
functional role of GABA
- major inhibitory NT in higher CNS
- critical for producing consciousness/awareness
- control of voluntary motion
what enzyme is required for the formation of GABA
glutamate decarboxylase
how is action of GABA limited
reuptake
catabolism by GABA-transaminase
stiff-person syndrome
autoimmune disease, response to gluatamate decarboxylase, so neurons that normally inhibit motion cannot make GABA, person has severe muscle spasms and can lead to tetany
GABA(A) receptors
ionotropic
5 subunits
chloride conductance in which hyperpolarizes cell
benzodiazepine site potentiates chloride conductance
GABA(B) receptors
Gi and Gq
- decrease adenylyl cyclase and increase K+ efflux
- decrease IP3/DAG and decrease calcium influx
- end result = hyperpolarization
glycine receptors
- ionotropic
- pentamer
- a subunit: glycine binding
- b subunit is structural
- chloride channel
- blocked by strychnine
function of glycine
almost all inhibition of spinal cord
opioid family peptides
- endorphins
- enkephalins
- dynorpins
opioids central location
basal ganglia
hypothalamus
parabrachial nuclei and raphe nuclei
general functions of opioids
modification of nociceptive inputs
modification of mood/affect
proenkephalin subtypes
met-enkephalin
leu-enkephalin
opioid peptide transmitters have 4 precursor molecules
- proenkephalins
- POMC: B-endorphins
- Prodynorphin: hydrolyzed–> 3 leu-enkeph
- dynorphins
- orphanin FQ (nociceptin)
how is the action of opioids limited
enzymatically, possibly after reuptake
- enkephalinase A and B
- aminopeptidase
what receptors do opioids bind to
(mu) receptors
k (kappa) receptors
Delta receptors
what effect does binding to (mu) receptors cause
- respiratory depression
- euphoria
- analgesia
what effect does binding to kappa recetpors of opioids do
analgesia and dysphoia
what effect does binding to delta receptors of opioids do
analgesia
indirect effects of mu receptors
increase K efflux and hyperpolarize
indirect effects of k and delta recetpors
decarease calcium
central location of opioids
hypothalamus/medulla
endocannabinoids 2 types
anandamide
2-arachidonylglycerol
-both have arachidoinc acid
loaction of endocannabinoids and function
basal ganglia: affect/motor
spinal cord: modulation of nociception
CB-1 receptor of ___
Endocannabinoids
- axons and presynaptic terminals of EAA and GABA synapses
- Gi
- reduces NT release
- binds either anandamide or 2-AG well
CB-2 receptor
found in brain (microglia)
immune system and gut
anti-inflammatory
in brain, cause macrophages to remove B-amyloid