New Words 10

Question 1

Strait

Answer 1

/streɪt/noun[C]

1)alsostraits[plural]a narrow passage of water between two areas of land, usually connecting two seas
➡ the Bering Strait

2)⛥ be in dire straits
to be in a very difficult situation, especially a financial one
➡ After the war, the country’s economy was in dire straits.
➡ The firm is nowin dire financial straits.

Question 2

because of something

Answer 2

on account of something
​
➡ She can’t work too many hours on account of the children.

Question 3

ex‧po‧nen‧tial

Answer 3

/ˌekspəˈnenʆl◂/adjective(technical)

exponential growth/increase etcexponential growth, increase etc becomes faster as the amount of the thing that is growing increases

➡ an exponential increase in travel

Question 4

par‧a‧mount

Answer 4

/ˈpærəmaʊnt/adjective(formal)

more important than anything else

➡ During a war the interests of the state are paramount, and those of the individual come last.
➡ Women’s role as mothers isof paramount importanceto society.

Question 5

per‧ceive

Answer 5

W3AC
/pəˈsiːv$pər-/verb[T not in progressive]

1)(written)to understand or think of something or someone in a particular way
⛥perceive something/somebody as something
➡Even as a young woman she had been perceived as a future chief executive.perceive something/somebody to be something
➡Often what is perceived to be aggression is simply fear.
➡Children who do badly in school tests often perceive themselves to be failures.

2)(formal)to notice, see, or recognize something
➡That morning, he perceived a change in Franca’s mood.
➡Cats are not able to perceive colour.perceive that
➡He perceived that there was no other way out of the crisis.

Question 6

fall silent

Answer 6

to stop talking or making a noise

➡ ‘I’ve said enough’ he mumbled, and fell silent.

Question 7

induce

Answer 7

AC/ɪnˈdjuːs$ɪnˈduːs/verb[T]

1)(formal)to persuade someone to do something, especially something that does not seem wise
⛥ induce somebody to do something
➡Nothing would induce me to vote for him again.

3)(formal)to cause a particular physical condition
➡Patients with eating disorders may use drugs to induce vomiting.
⛥drug-induced/stress-induced etc
➡ a drug-induced coma

Question 8

for‧ma‧tive

Answer 8

/ˈfɔːmətɪv$ˈfɔːr-/adjective[only before noun]
having an important influence on the way someone or something develops

⛥formative years/period/stages etc(=the period when someone’s character develops)
➡He exposed his children to music throughout their formative years.

⛥ formative influence/effect etc
➡International politics were a formative influence on the party.

Question 9

a‧po‧lit‧i‧cal

Answer 9

/ˌeɪpəˈlɪtɪkl◂/adjective

not interested in politics, or not connected with any political party

➡ a group of apolitical young professional people
➡ an apolitical organization

Question 10

un‧der‧fed

Answer 10

/ˌʌndəˈfed$-ər-/adjective

not given enough food to eat
🔺OPPoverfed

Question 11

Not given enough food to eatOPPoverfed

Answer 11

un‧der‧fed

/ˌʌndəˈfed$-ər-/adjective

Question 12

denationalise

Answer 12

de‧na‧tion‧al‧ize
alsodenationalise(BrE)/diːˈnæʆnəlaɪz/verb[T]

to sell a business or industry that is owned by the state, so that it is then owned privately
🔺 SYN privatize
🔺 OPPnationalize

—denationalization/diːˌnæʆnəlaɪˈzeɪʆn$-lə-/noun[U]

tochangeanindustryfrom beingpubliclyownedto being privatelyowned

Question 13

by all means

✖

by no means

Answer 13

C2used to givepermission:

“May Iborrowthisbook?” “By all means.”

➖➖➖➖➖➖

alsonot by any means

​

C1not at all:

It is by no meanscertainthat we’llfinishtheprojectbyJune.

This isn’t the last we’llhearof it by any means.

Question 14

re‧side

Answer 14

AC/rɪˈzaɪd/verb[I always + adv/prep]

1)(formal)to live in a particular place
➡He spent most of his time in Rutherglen, where his family resided.

⛥ reside in something/somebody

phrasal verb(formal)

1)to be present in or consist of something
➡ Joe’s talent resides in his storytelling abilities

Question 15

out‧line1

Answer 15

/ˈaʊtlaɪn/noun

1)[C,U]the main ideas or facts about something, without the details
➡a research proposal outlineoutline of
➡an outline of world historybroad/rough/general outline
➡a broad outline of the committee’s plansin outlineA debt reduction scheme was agreed in outline(=people agreed on its main points).

➖➖➖➖➖➖➖

outline2
verb[T]

1)to describe something in a general way, giving the main points but not the details
➡The new president outlined plans to deal with crime, drugs, and education.

Question 16

outlive

Answer 16

/aʊtˈlɪv/verb[T]

1)to remain alive after someone else has died
➡ She outlived her husband by 20 years.

⛥ to outlive sb
بیش از کسی زیستن
به حیات ادامه دادن پس از کسی

2)to continue to exist after something else has ended or disappeared
➡ Good books have a way of outliving those who want to ban them.

Question 17

re‧me‧di‧al

Answer 17

/rɪˈmiːdiəl/adjective

🔊 1)⛥ remedial course/class/teacher etc

a special course etc that helps students who have difficulty learning something

2)intended to improve something that is wrong
➡ Some remedial work needs to be done on the foundations.

3)intended to cure a problem with someone’s health
➡ remedial mental health therapies

➖➖➖➖➖
Remedy = solution

re‧me‧di‧a‧ble

/rɪˈmiːdiəbl/adjective(formal)

able to be corrected or cured

➡ remediable problems

Question 18

be about to

Answer 18

adjective
If you are about to do something, you are going to do it very soon. If something is about to happen, it will happen very soon.
➡ I think he’s about to leave.
➡ Argentina has lifted all restrictions on trade and visas are about to be abolished.
➡ The film was about to start.

Question 19

Role

Collocation

Answer 19

⛥ play/have a role
➡ He played a prominent role in the company’s success.

⛥take on a role
⚌alsoassume a roleformal(=start having it)
➡ Mr Jones took on the role of spokesperson for the organization.
⛥ take a role
➡ Britain began to take a more active role in the affairs of Europe.

⛥ give somebody a role

Question 20

assume

Answer 20

کار شود

Question 21

ubiquity

Answer 21

If you talk about the ubiquity of something, you mean that it seems to be everywhere.

UK​/juːˈbɪk.wə.ti/US​/juːˈbɪk.wə.t̬i/formal

​

thefactthat something or someoneseemsto beeverywhere:

➡ the ubiquity of fast-foodoutlets

➖➖➖➖➖➖

u‧biq‧ui‧tous
/juːˈbɪkwtəs/adjective(formal)

seeming to be everywhere – sometimes used humorously

➡ Coffee shops are ubiquitous these days.
➡ a French film, starring the ubiquitous Gérard Depardieu—ubiquitouslyadverb—ubiquitynoun[U]

Question 22

leap

Answer 22

noun[C]

1)a big jump
🔺SYNbound
➡ He threw a stick into the river and the dog went after it in aflying leap.

2)a large increase or change
⛥quantum/great/huge etc leap

➡ a quantum leap(=very great increase or change)in population levels
⛥leap in
➡a 16% leap in pre-tax profits
⛥leap forward
➡the huge leap forward that took place in the 1980s

Question 23

de‧mand‧ing

Answer 23

/dɪˈmɑːndɪŋ$dɪˈmæn-/adjective

1)needing a lot of ability, effort, or skill
➡ ademanding job

⛥physically/emotionally/intellectually etc demanding
➡ Climbing is physically demanding.

Question 24

former

noun

Answer 24

the former (formal)

the first of two people or things that you have just mentioned
OPP the latter :

> > > Of the two possibilities, the former seems more likely.
the black widow and the brown recluse. The former is found throughout the lower 48 states.

Question 25

to be in an extremely difficult or serious situation

Answer 25

2 be in dire straits
»> Everyone agrees the sport is in dire straits.

3 dire warning/prediction/forecast
a warning about something terrible that will happen in the future :
»> Last night there were dire warnings of civil war.

Question 26

offset AC
/ ɒfset, ɒfset $ ɒfset, ɒfset / verb ( past tense and past participle offset , present participle offsetting ) [ transitive ]

Answer 26

if the cost or amount of something offsets another cost or amount, the two things have an opposite effect so that the situation remains the same :
»> Cuts in prices for milk, butter, and cheese will be offset by direct payments to farmers.
+ offset something against something
»> He was able to offset his travel expenses against tax.
»> Unfortunately, the significant increase we saw in sales in the last quarter was offset by the expenses
stemming from charges for the fire at our Turkey plant.

Question 27

prompt

Answer 27

/ prɒmpt $ prɑːmpt / verb
1 [ transitive ] to make someone decide to do something
+ prompt somebody to do something
»> What prompted you to buy that suit?

2 [ transitive ] to make people say or do something as a reaction :
»> The decision prompted an outcry among prominent US campaigners.

> > > Two recent killings were prompted by the playing of video games.

prompt 2 W3 adjective 
1 done quickly, immediately, or at the right time : 
Prompt action must be taken. 
Prompt payment is requested. 
a prompt response

Question 28

the jury is (still) out on something

Answer 28

used to say that something has not been finally decided :

|&raquo_space;> Is it good value? The jury is still out on that.

Question 29

first past the post

/fəːst pɑːst ðə ˈpəʊst/
phrase of first

Answer 29

(of a contestant, especially a horse) winning a race by being the first to reach the finishing line.

first-past-the-post adjective
uk ​ /ˌfɜːst.pɑːst.ðəˈpəʊst/ us ​ /ˌfɝːst.pæst.ðəˈpoʊst/ UK
​

using a voting system in which a person is elected because they get more votes than anyone else in the area that they want to represent

Question 30

plead‧ing‧ly

Answer 30

/ˈpliːdɪŋli/adverb(written)
ملتمسانه

in an emotional way that shows you very much want someone to do something

➡Kathleen looked at him pleadingly.

Question 31

stam‧i‧na

Answer 31

/ˈstæmnə/noun[U]

physical or mental strength that lets you continue doing something for a long time without getting tired

➡You need stamina to be a long-distance runner.
➡ Elaine has the stamina and the determination to succeed.

Question 32

collision

Answer 32

a strong disagreement between two people or groups
⛥ collision between
➡ a collision between the two countries over fishing rights
➖➖➖➖

an accident in which two or more people or vehicles hit each other while moving in different directions
⛥collision with
➡The school bus was involved in a collision with a truck.

➡Two people were killed in ahead-on collision(=between two vehicles that are moving directly towards each other)on highway 218.