nucleic acids

Question 1

what are nucleic acids

Answer 1

they are polymers made of monomers called nucleotides

Question 2

what is a polynucleotide

Answer 2

a molecule contains many nucleotides

Question 3

what are the 2 groups of organic bases

Answer 3

primdines and purines

Question 4

what bases are pyrimidines

Answer 4

thymine, cytosine and uracil

Question 5

what bases are the purines

Answer 5

adenine and guanine

Question 6

how to tell the difference between pyrimidines and purines

Answer 6

purines have a 2 ringed structure where as pyrimidines have a 1 ringed structure

Question 7

what are the components of ATP

Answer 7

Phosphate group, nitrogenous base, and pentose sugar group

Question 8

What is adenosine triphosphate and example of

Answer 8

a nucleotide

Question 9

What does ATP provide for cells

Answer 9

ATP provides energy for most reactions in most cells

Question 10

what is ATP sometimes called

Answer 10

the major energy currency of the cell

Question 11

What is the bond present in nucleotides called

Answer 11

phosphodiester

Question 12

What is the enzyme ATPase used for

Answer 12

ATPase is the enzyme which catalyses the break down of ATP into ADP freeing a phosphate ion and producing energy

Question 13

When ATPase breaks the phosphodiester bond what is released

Answer 13

energy is released which can be used by the celll

Question 14

in between what phosphate groups does ATPase break the bonds in the nucleotide to produce energy

Answer 14

ATPase breaks the bond between the middle and terminal phosphate group

Question 15

What is formed when ATP is broken down

Answer 15

ADP - adenosine diphosphate and a phosphate group - Pi

Question 16

Word equation to show the break down of ATP into ADP

Answer 16

ATP + Water = ADP + Pi + Energy

Question 17

Is the break down of ATP using ATPase a reversible reaction

Answer 17

yes ATP and Pi can re form ATP molecules but energy is needed

Question 18

What is needed when reversing the breakdown of ATP

Answer 18

Energy is needed

Question 19

What is phosphorylation

Answer 19

Adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

Question 20

where does the energy needed to carry out phosphorylation come from

Answer 20

The breakdown of glucose during respiration

Question 21

Word equation for phosphorylation

Answer 21

ADP + Pi + Energy = ATP + Water

Question 22

What organelles is ATP produced in

Answer 22

-cytoplasm
-mitochondria
-chloroplast

Question 23

Where in the mitochondria is ATP produced

Answer 23

in the matrix and inner membranes

Question 24

Where in chloroplasts is ATP produced

Answer 24

in the thylakoid membranes

Question 25

What is a exergonic reaction

Answer 25

when the bond between the middle and terminal phosphate group is broken and 30KJ mol-1 of energy is released

Question 26

What is an endergonic reaction

Answer 26

To reform ATP a phosphate group is added to ADP to build a new high energy bond between ADP and Pi 30KJ mol-1 of energy is needed

Question 27

In exergonic and endergonic reactions how many JK mol-1 of energy is either released or needed

Answer 27

30KJ mol-1

Question 28

What is the difference between endergonic and exergonic reaction

Answer 28

exergonic is where energy is released and endergonic is where energy is needed

Question 29

How much energy is released from one mole of ATP when it is hydrolysed to ADP and Pi

Answer 29

30KJ mol-1

Question 30

what does universal currency mean

Answer 30

its used to provide energy for all biochemical reactions in all living organisms

Question 31

list 3 advantages of using ATP to provide energy in cells

Answer 31

It is an immediate source of energy, its an efficient energy transfer and it provides energy for a wide range of cellular activities

Question 32

what is the sugar in DNA

Answer 32

deoxyribose

Question 33

what is the sugar in RNA

Answer 33

ribose

Question 34

Which bases are in the nucleotides of DNA

Answer 34

-adenine -guanine -cytosine -thymine

Question 35

what are the bases in RNA

Answer 35

-adenine -guanine -cytosine -uracil

Question 36

how does the structure of ATP differ from that of DNA

Answer 36

ATP has a ribose sugar whereas DNA has a deoxyribose sugar

Question 37

how does the structure of ATP differ from that of RNA

Answer 37

ATP has 3 phosphate groups where as RNA has 1 phosphate group

Question 38

what processes does ATP provide energy for

Answer 38

-metabolic processes -Active transport -Movement -Nerve transmission -Secretion

Question 39

Why does ATP need to produce energy for metabolic processes

Answer 39

to build large, complex molecules from smaller, simpler molecules

Question 40

What is an example of ATP being used for metabolic processes

Answer 40

e.g DNA synthesis from nucleotides

Question 41

why does ATP need to produce energy for active transport

Answer 41

to change the shape of carrier proteins in cell membranes to allow molecules and ions to be transported against a concentration gradient.

Question 42

why does ATP need to produce energy for movement

Answer 42

for muscle contraction

Question 43

why does ATP need to produce energy for Nerve transmission

Answer 43

as sodium potassium pumps actively transport sodium and potassium ions across the axon cell membrane

Question 44

why does ATP need to produce energy for secretion

Answer 44

for the packaging and transport of secretory products into vesicles in cells

Question 45

what does ATP stand for and what bases does it contain

Answer 45

It stands for adenosine triphosphate and contains the bases adenine, sugar ribose and 3 phosphate groups

Question 46

why is the break down of ATP to create energy better than breaking down glucose

Answer 46

As the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP involves a single reaction that releases energy immediately whereas the breakdown of glucose involves many intermediates and takes longer for energy to be released

Question 47

How many enzymes is needed to release energy from ATP compared to glucose

Answer 47

only 1 enzyme is needed to release energy from ATP but many are needed to release energy from glucose

Question 48

Why is ATP a more efficient energy molecules compared to glucose

Answer 48

as ATP releases energy in small amounts when and where needed whereas glucose contains large amounts of energy which is released all at once

Question 49

How does ATP increase the efficiency and control of the cell

Answer 49

as ATP provides a common source of energy for many different chemical reactions increasing efficiency and control by the cell

Question 50

What does ATP is the universal intermediary molecule mean

Answer 50

That ATP is the universal intermediary molecule between energy - yielding and energy - requiring reactions in the cell