observational design Flashcards
What is observational design in psychology?
Refers to the structure of how behaviour is recorded during an observational study.
Includes decisions about sampling, behavioural categories, and recording methods.
What are behavioural categories in observational design?
Clearly defined, measurable, and observable behaviours used to record data.
Categories must be mutually exclusive and operationalised (e.g., “verbal aggression” not just “aggression”).
Why are behavioural categories important?
Prevents subjectivity and increases inter-observer reliability.
Helps ensure data is systematic and replicable.
What are the two main types of sampling methods in observational design?
Event sampling
Time sampling
What is event sampling in observation?
Observer records every time a specific behaviour occurs.
Useful for infrequent behaviours.
Can be difficult to record everything if behaviour is too frequent or fast.
What is time sampling in observation?
Behaviour is recorded at predetermined time intervals (e.g., every 30 seconds).
Useful for longer observations.
May miss behaviours that occur outside time slots.
Strengths of event sampling?
✔ Useful for studying rare behaviours.
✔ Provides detailed data on specific behaviours.
Weaknesses of event sampling?
✘ Risk of missing behaviours during fast-paced interactions.
✘ May be hard to record everything in real time.
Strengths of time sampling?
✔ Reduces observer fatigue.
✔ Easier to manage and organise data collection.
Weaknesses of time sampling?
✘ May miss important behaviour between intervals.
✘ Not ideal for rare but significant behaviours.
What is inter-observer reliability and how is it ensured?
The extent to which two or more observers agree on their observations.
Ensured through:
✔ Clear behavioural categories
✔ Training observers
✔ Pilot studies
✔ Calculating agreement levels (e.g., correlation or % agreement)
What are structured vs unstructured observations?
Structured: Uses behavioural categories and predefined systems.
Unstructured: Observer records all behaviours freely, typically qualitative.
Strengths of structured observation?
✔ Data is quantifiable and easier to analyse.
✔ Increases objectivity and reliability.
Strengths of unstructured observation?
✔ May pick up unexpected behaviours.
✔ Richer, more qualitative data.
