observational techniques- types of observation Flashcards
What is an observational method in psychology?
A non-experimental research method where behaviour is watched and recorded. No manipulation of variables occurs.
What is a naturalistic observation?
Observations take place in a natural setting with no control over variables. Behaviour is studied as it occurs.
Strengths of naturalistic observations?
• High ecological validity.
• Realistic behaviour increases external validity.
Weaknesses of naturalistic observations?
• Lack of control over extraneous variables.
• Difficult to replicate.
• Observer bias may affect results.
What is a controlled observation?
Takes place in a structured setting where some variables are controlled. Often used in lab environments.
Strengths of controlled observations?
• Greater control = easier replication.
• Easier to focus on specific behaviours.
Weaknesses of controlled observations?
• Lower ecological validity.
• Participants may show demand characteristics.
What is a covert observation?
Participants are unaware they are being observed. Behaviour is recorded without their knowledge.
Strengths of covert observations?
• No demand characteristics = more valid behaviour.
• Useful for studying sensitive or socially undesirable behaviour.
What is an overt observation?
Participants know they are being observed and have usually given consent.
Weaknesses of covert observations?
• Ethical concerns: lack of informed consent.
• Debriefing is essential afterward.
Strengths of overt observations?
• More ethical (informed consent).
• Allows researchers to ask follow-up questions.
Weaknesses of overt observations?
• Participants may change behaviour (social desirability, demand characteristics).
• Less valid behaviour.
What is a participant observation?
The researcher becomes part of the group being observed to gain deeper insight into behaviour.
Strengths of participant observations?
• Can provide rich, in-depth data.
• Greater insight into participants’ behaviour and context.
Weaknesses of participant observations?
• Risk of losing objectivity (researcher bias).
• Can be time-consuming and ethically complex.
What is a non-participant observation?
The researcher remains separate from the group being observed, observing from a distance.
Strengths of non-participant observations?
• More objective data collection.
• Easier to remain unbiased and detached.
Weaknesses of non-participant observations?
• May miss important context or subtle behaviours.
• Less rich insight compared to participant observation.
