Others: Anat Flashcards
(194 cards)
1
Q
What comprises malphigian corpuscles
A
Glomerulus + bowman’s capsule
Aka renal corpuscles
2
Q
Location of thyroid gland
A
BELOW thyroid cartilage
AT THE LEVEL of cricoid cartilage
C4/C5
3
Q
Adrenal cortex zones and what they primarily secrete
A
Zona glomerulosa (aldosterone -mineralocorticoids)
Zona fasiculata (cortisol -glucocorticoids)
Zona reticularis (androgens)
4
Q
Drainage thru the superior vena cava
A
Hemiazygos vein, lumbar vein -> 1. azygos vein
2. Brachiocephalic veins
5
Q
Drainage thru the inferior vena cava
A
Common iliac (External + internal)
Hepatic vein (hepatic portal vein: superior and inferior mesenteric + splenic vein)
6
Q
Celiac artery consists of
A
Left gastric artery (stomach+ lower esophagus)
Common hepatic a (stomach, duodenum, liver)
Splenic a (spleen)
7
Q
Major supply to the lower limbs
A
Femoral artery (external iliac)
8
Q
Supplies the pelvic contents, bladder, lower rectum, uterus, vagina, prostate, penis, vas deferens
A
Internal iliac artery
Gonadal artery supplies ovaries and testes
9
Q
Nasolacrimal duct opens into??
A
Inferior meatus
10
Q
Location of hiatus semilunaris
A
Middle meatus
11
Q
Level at which pharynx becomes the esophagus
A
C6
Pharynx extends to the LOWER border of cricoid cartilage
12
Q
Muscular coat of pharynx
A
Superior, middle inferior constrictors (X)
Stylopharyngeus (IX) palatopharyngeus (X), salphingopharyngeus (X)
Pharyngeal plexus: IX X XI
13
Q
Innervation of laryngeal muscles
A
Recurrent laryngeal nerve (X) “arytenoids”
Except CRICOTHYROID (superior laryngeal nerve)
14
Q
Abducts vocal cords
A
Posterior cricoarytenoids -recurrent L.N (X)
15
Q
Adducts vocal cords
A
Oblique and transverse arytenoids -recurrent L.N (X)
16
Q
Increases pitch
A
Cricothyroid -superior L.N (X)
Tenses and elongates
17
Q
Decreases pitch
A
Thyroarytenoid - recurrent (X)
Shortens vocal cords and reduces tension
18
Q
Wear and tear pigment
A
Lipofuscin -prominent in old or aging tissues
19
Q
Lining of loop of Henle
A
Simple squamous
20
Q
Lining of thyroid follicle walls
A
Simple Cuboidal
21
Q
Lining of ducts of glands
A
Simple cuboidal
22
Q
Lining of the gallbladder and intestinal epithelium
A
Nonciliated simple columnar
23
Q
Linings of female reproductive tract
A
Ciliated simple columnar
24
Q
Lining of oral mucosa
A
Stratified squamous
25
Lining of esophagus and vaginal linings
Stratified squamous
26
Lining of Wall of sweat gland duct
Stratified cuboidal
27
Lining: Ducts of large glands/parotid gland
Stratified columnar
28
Lining of upper respiratory tract
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated
29
Lining of parotid and pituitary gland
Glandular
30
Where can you find Wharton's jelly
Umbilical cord; jelly like ground substance
31
What do mast cells release
Heparin and histamine like basophils
32
Location of SA node
Crista terminalis
33
Location of hyoid bone
C3
34
Meninges from inner to outer
Pia, arachnoid, dura mater
35
Greater splanchnic nerve para/sympathetic? From what spinal nerves
Both. Sympathetic to abdominal viscera
Parasympathetic to pelvic
**All splanchnic nerves are sympathtic. May para lang for pelvic ang greater**
*Greater splanchnic nerve: T5-T9
*Lesser splanchnic nerve: T10-T11
*Least splanchnic nerve: T12
*LUMBAR: L1-L3
36
Portal system
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric (often drains into splenic)
Splenic vein
Has no valves!!
37
Surveillance cell of the pulp (connective tissue)
Histiocytes
-tissue macrophage
38
Macrophage in granuloma (ex. TB)
Epitheloid cells and langhans giant cells
39
Prevents transmission of pathogens from mother to fetus
Hofbauer cells (found in placenta)
40
macrophage in the liver?
macrophage in the CNS?
kupffer
microglia
41
macrophage in the pulmonary alveoli of lungs?
macrophage of lymph nodes?
dust cells/alveolar macrophage (heart-failure cells)
sinus histiocytes
42
antigen presenting cell of spleen
dendritic cells. not only spleen pati lymph nodes
43
location of primary absorption of iron
duodenum
44
lymphatic ducts carry lymph at the?
junction of IJV and subclavian vein
45
Layer of epidermis: cells are undergoing apoptosis
S. Granulosum
46
Layer of epidermis: most numerous layer of keratinocytes
S. Corneum
47
Layer of epidermis: only found in thick skin
S. Lucidum
48
Layer of epidermis: cessation of Tonofilament production; assembly of keratin
S. Granulosum
49
other name for maxillary sinus
antrum of highmore
50
meckel’s cartilage is the framework of?
mandible
main body transforms into malleus and incus
51
Pharyngeal arch and cartilage of stapes
2nd, reichert’s cartilage
52
activates vitamin D
kidney
produced by skin, converted into inactive by liver, activated by kidney
53
reflex center for visual activities
midbrain
54
respiratory centers in the brain
**medulla**
pons
55
Lining of the respiratory system from nasal cavity to alveoli
Nasal cavity - respiratory epi
Nasopharynx - respi (40%), nasopharyngeal epi (60%)
Oropharynx - nasopharyngeal epi
Larynx - respi epi
Trachea - respi epi
Bronchi - respi epi
Bronchioles - ciliated cuboidal epi w/ clara cells
Alveoli - simple squamous
*Respi: pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells
Nasopha: startified squamous
56
Part of respiratory tract without cartilage? Without goblet cells?
Without cartilage - bronchioles
Without goblet cells - terminal bronchioles
57
Predominant cell in alveoli
**Type I pneumocyte** - squamous
-cannot multiply
-gas exchange
*Type II pneumocyte (cuboidal) is supporting. Decreases surface tension, can multiply and replace type I
58
Site for coniotomy or emergency tracheotomy?
Aka as cricothyrotomy
**Cricothyroid ligament**
59
Boundaries of isthmus of the fauces
Anterior pillar - palatoglossus (X)
Posterior pillar - palatopharyngeus (X)
*Contains the palatine tonsils
60
Cells of the stomach, what it secretes and its function?
**1. Mucous neck cells - mucous** (alkaline to protect from acid)
**2. Parietal or oxyntic cells**
2.1 gastric acid (HCl) - digestion, activate pepsinogen
2.2 intrinsic factor -regulate absorption of vit b12 in the ileum
2.3 gastroferrin - iron absorption in duodenum
**3. G cells - gastrin**- produce gastric acid by stimulating parietal cells
**4. Chief cells - pepsinogen**
61
Funnel like opening of nasal cavity into the nasopharynx
Choanae
62
bone that contributes to neurocranium AND facial skeleton
ethmoid and sphenoid
63
Glands in the intestines, location and function
Brunner's gland (duodenum) - secretes alkaline mucus
Goblet cells (small and large intestines) - mucous
Crypts of Liberkuhn/intestinal gland (small intestines) - contain enteroendocrine cells
64
divides the liver into anatomic right and left lobe
falciform ligament
*ligament teres - remnant of umbilical vein
65
Specialized non encapsulated tonsils found in the submucosal ileum
Peyer's patches
66
Preferred site for vit B12 absorption? Iron?
Iron - duodenun
B12 - ileum;
*remember gastric parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor*
67
Plicae circulares is majorly found in the??
Jejunum
P.c. aka valves of Kerckring
68
Where can you find crypts of Liberkuhn? contains what?
Small intestines
*Intestinal gland /tubular gland*
Contains paneth cells (secrete antibacterial enzyme) and endoendocrine cells
69
Can be found in the submucosa of duodenum
brunner's gland - maintain alkalinity
70
Where can you find cholesterol stones? (Choledocholithiasis)
Gall bladder, cystic duct
*Remember gallbladder does not have submucosa but with rugae
71
Ampulla of vater is? Found in?
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
Wirsung + common bile duct
*Found in pancreas exits to duodenum*
*Sphincter of Oddi
*Duodenal papilla
72
Part of large intestine without taenia coli (3 bands of longitudinal muscle)
Rectum
Parts: cecum, colon, rectum
73
What divides the liver into anatomic right and left lobes?
It attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall.
Falciform ligament
*coronary ligament attaches it to the diaphragm
74
What is the ligamentum teres?
Found within the falciform ligament and it was the fetal umbilical vein
75
Differentiate greater omentum and lesser omentum
Greater: greater curvature of stomach + transverse colon (gastrocolic ligament)
lesser: lesser curvature of stomach, duodenum, liver
76
Cells found on the surface of tonsils that trap microbes
M cells
77
Differentiate serosa and adventitia
Serosa - intraperitoneal, epithelium
Adventitia - retroperitoneal, connective tissue
**Mucosa (inner), submucosa, muscularis, adventitia/serosa
78
What is the space of disse? Location?
aka perisinusoidal space
**Space** between hepatic sinusoids (capillary with pores) and hepatocytes.
in the space, *stellate cells* can be found
*Liver
79
Pancreatic enzymes produced by acinar cells
1. Pancreatic lipase - breaks down fat
2. Amylase - starch
3. Trypsinogen/Tripsin - protein
80
How is bile produced?
RBC dies
Hemoglobin
Heme + globin
Porphyrin (red) + iron
Biliverdin (green)
Unconjugated bilirubin (yellow-green)
**LIVER**
conjugated bilirubin (can be stored gallbladder as part of bile)
**Duodenum** *intestinal bacteria
CB
Unconjugated B
Urobilinogen -> urobilin (yellow) in kidneys
Stercobilin (brown) -> large intestines
81
Enteroendocrine cells secretion
G cells - gastrin
I cells - CKK
Enterochromaffin cells - serotonin (intestinal motility) and histamine (gastric acid secretion)
S cells - secretin
K cells - GIP
K, SIGE!
82
Pacemaker of stomach
Interstitial cells of cajal (enteric nervous system)
83
Pathway of sperm
1. Seminiferous tubules of testis (spermatogenesis)
2. Epididymis (maturation of sperm)
3. Vas deferens (from testis to urethra)
4. Ejaculatory duct (vas def + seminal vesicle)
5. Urethra (urine and sperm)
6. Penis
84
Forms blood testis barrier? Blood brain barrier? Blood csf barrier?
Sertoli cells (gives nutrients to spermatogonium)
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells (produces csf)
85
Responsible for wrinkled appearance of scrotum
Dartos muscle
*Scrotum is fibromuscular -dartos muscle and -cremaster (cremasteric reflex -regulates temp of testis)
86
Muscle for erection and ejaculation
Bulbospongiosus muscle
87
Muscle that ejects urine from bladder
Detrussor muscle
88
Counterpart of cowper's gland in females
Bartholin's gland -moistens the female reproductive organ
*bartholin's gland is also known as bulbourethral gland w/c is responsible for **pre-ejaculation**
89
CT capsule that surrounds the testes
Tunica albuginea
90
Glands of the male reproductive organ
Prostate gland (PSA, acid phosphatase)
Seminal vesicle (semen)
Cowper's gland / bulbourethral glands (pre-ejaculation)
91
Erectile tissues
Corpus cavernosum - side
Corpus spongiosum - front (keep urethra open)
92
Differentiate prostatic, membranous, spongy/penile urethra
P - widest, most dilatable
m - shortest, least dilatable
S - longest, narrowest, where **Cowper's gland open into**
93
Where is the main gland of prostate gland located?
Peripheral zone
Center zone is periurethral gland
*Prostatic secretion makes up 25% of semen*
94
Mammary gland is what type of gland?
Compound tubuloalveolar gland
95
Where is ovum fertilized?
Ampulla of fallopian tube
Parts of fallopian tube:
1. Fimbrae
2. Infundibulum
3. Ampulla
4. Isthmus
*Egg is only viable for 24 hrs
96
Surrounds alveoli; contracts to expel milk
Myoepithelial cells
*Lactiferous ducts - excretory duct that emerge in the nipples*
97
Ligament that supports breast
Suspensory ligament / Cooper's ligament
**Broad ligament and stroma supports ovaries**
98
3 layers of uterus
Perimetrium
Myometrium - smooth muscle (responds to oxytocin)
Endometrium - site of implantation (responds to progesterone and estrogen)
99
Macrophage of kidney
Mesangial cells
100
Pathway of filtration in a nephron
Afferent BV
(Thru podocytes)
Glomerulus
PCT
Loop of henle
DCT
Collecting ducts
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
101
Lining of kidney
Renal tubules- Simple cuboidal epithelium
Bowman's capsule- simple squamous
102
Filtering unit of the glomerulus
Podocytes (RBC cannot pass)
*Nephron is the filtering unit of the kidney*
103
Vessels adjacent to renal tubules
Vasa recta
104
2/3 of filtrate are reabsorbed here
PCT via active transport and facilitated diffusion (aquaporins)
105
Renal tubule with counter current mechanism
Loop of henle
1. Descending segment = concentrating segment, semi-permeable (water out)
2. Ascending segment = diluting segment, not permeable (Na, Cl, K goes out via ion pumps)
106
Explain tubuloglomerular feedback
Macula densa in DCT detects NaCl concentration.
High = afferent arterioles to constrict,
Low = aa to dilate and juxtaglomerular cells to release renin --> aldosterone (reuptake Na, inc BP)
107
Urinary bladder epithelium
Transitional epithelium
Relaxed: cuboidal
Stretched: squamous
108
organelle used by wbc to move across endothelium
pseudopods
109
organelle used by wbc to move across endothelium
pseudopods
110
phenomenon through which blood borne antigens are attracted and fixed to areas of inflammation?
anachoresis
111
explain humoral immunity
mediated primarily by **b cells**
antigen is engulfed by APC (B cells) — presents the digested antigen (MHC2) — T-helper/CD4 recognizes MHC2 and binds — CD4 releases cytokines to alarms other WBCs and activates B-lymphocytes — B cells transforms to memory B cell and plasma cell which will produce antibodies
Ag-Ab complex will activate complement system
— c3b binds ti Fc receptor of antibody (opsonization) — destruction of antigen by phagocytosis or enzymes *some can resist — Membrane attack complex (C5b, c6, c7, c8, c9)
112
explain cell-mediated immunity
mediated by **t cells**
prevent spread at a cellular level
infected/cancer cell presents antigen (MHC1) — CD4 binds — Cd8 activation — cd8 binds to cell with mhc1 — cell is destroyed
113
mediator of the different hypersensitivity types
type 1 Allergic = IgE
type 2 Cytotoxic hyper = IgM/IgG
type 3 Immune complex hypersensitivity = antigen and antibody complex accumulation
type 4 Delayed = immune cells (T-cells)
114
differentiate the 3 cell types according to regenerative property
labile - multiplies throughout life, short life
stable cell - multiplies when damaged
permanent cell - cannot multiply
115
types of cellular degeneration
1. cloud swelling
2. hydropic or vacuolar
3. fatty degeneration
4. hyaline degeneration
5. necrosis
116
hyaline accumulation in glomerulus resulting to sclerosis and associated with diabetes (2 names)
diabetic glomerulosclerosis / Kimmel Stiel-Wilson syndrome
117
types of necrosis
1. coagulation necrosis (architecture is preserved, proteins are denatured)(all tissues: heart>brain)
2. liquefaction necrosis (brain)
3. caseous necrosis (pulmonary tb) - cheese like
4. gummatous necrosis (tertiary syphilis) - gumma or soft granulomatous growth
5. gangrenous (diabetic patients) - loss of blood supply
6. fat necrosis (breast ca, pancreas) - fat-calcium complexes accumulation
118
accumulation of iron in the macrophage
hemosiderin (golden brown or rust)
heart-failure cells
119
bluish line in marginal gingiva
Burton’s line due to lead poisoning (Plumbism)
*silver poisoning is Argyria*
120
extrachromosomal dna within a cell that is separated from its chromosomal dna?
plasmid
*binary fission is the cell division of bacteria*
121
types of bacterial recombination
1. conjugation - sex pili , must be **F factor positive**
2. transformation - engulfing DNA left by dead bacteria
3. transduction - uses bacteriophage or bacterial virus to transfer plasmids
122
differentiate bacterial cell walls
composed of glycoproteins. gram positive have thick peptidoglycans (**murein**) layer. gram negative has thin peptidoglycan layer and has outermembrane containing **endotoxins (LPS)**
acid fast cell wall has **MYCOLIC ACID**
123
bacterial staining
gram staining (VIAS)
acid fast staining (CAM) -heat mordant for ziehl nieelssen and tegritol mordant for kinyoun
124
polysaccharide synthesized from sucrose by bacteria (strep etc) -major component of dental plaque
dextrans and levans (sticky sugar)
125
function of plasmin?
fibrinolysis / blood clot dissolution
126
differentiate alpha hemolytic, beta hemolytic and gamma-hemolytic STREP
alpha - uses hydrogen peroxide to lyse cells INcompletely
beta - uses streptolysin to lyse cells COMPLETELY
gamma - does not hemolyse RBC
127
virulence factors of staphylococcal
protein A -prevent complement action
coagulase -activates prothrombin to thrombin
staphylokinase -activates plasminogen to plasmin
hyaluronidase -breaksdown hyaluronic acid
128
common virulence factors of streptococcal
streptokinase -plasminogen to plasmin
pneumolysin -s. pneumoniae
M protein -antigen of group A beta hemolytics
129
Part of cranial bone where optic canal is found
Sphenoid. Between lesser and greater wing
*Greater wing (SOF, IOF, ro2ndum, ovale, spinosum) forms the roof of infratemporal fossa and floor of middle cranial fossa
130
Roof of sella turcica
Diaphragma sellae
*Sella turcica houses pituitary gland, thus, D.S. covers the gland
131
Forms left optic tract
Left lateral process + right optic nerve
132
Function of tegmentum tympani
Bony plate forming the roof of tympanic cavity. Separates the subarachnoid space (csf) and tympanic cavity
133
DNA replication enzymes
1. En**D**o**N**ucle**A**se (cleaves **DNA** segment)
2. Helicase (unzips dna)
3. **TO**poisomerase / DNA gyrase (prevent excessive**TO**rsion)
4. DNA primase (RNA primer -- leading and lagging strand)
5. DNA polymerase (chain elongation, base pairs)
6. DNA ligase (bridge gaps in OKAZAKI fragments)
134
Marks upper limit of true pelvis
Iliopectineal line
135
Special sensory receptors
Hair cells (organ of corti for sound)
Taste buds
Olfactory neuroepith (schneiderian membrane)
Cones and rods (retina)
136
Distinctive whorls of degenerative ng epithelial cells in the medulla of thymus
Hassall's corpuscle
137
Depolarization wave moves from one node of ranvier to the next
Saltatory conduction
*Unmyelinated = orthrodromic/continuous conduction
138
When a nerve or muscle does not respond to any stimulus regardless of its strength and frequency
Absolute refractory period
139
Part of eye where no cones or rods are present (blindspot)
Optic disc
140
Drainage of aqueous humor
Canal of schlemm
*Aqueous humor- anterior part of eye
*Vitreous humor- posterior part
141
1st stool of a baby
Meconium
142
Red stool is aka as?
Black stool?
Red - hematochezia
Black - melena
143
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Arthus reaction?
**Type III** - serum sickness, glomerulonephritis, SLE
*Horse serum is injected to the skin of rabbit
144
carcinogen in smoked or burned food
benzo-a-pyrenes
145
carcinogen in smoked or burned food
benzo-a-pyrenes
146
function of liver in drug metabolism
1. lipid soluble to water soluble
2. active drugs to inactive form
3. prodrugs to active form
147
Amount of blood pumped by heart per minute
Cardiac output
Stroke volume x heart rate
70ml x 70 bpm = 4900ml/min or **5L/min**
Can be 4-7L/min
148
Factors affecting cardiac output
1. ⬆️Contractility = ⬆️stroke volume
2. ⬆️Preload = **⬆️stretch = ⬆️force of contraction** = ⬆️ stroke volume
*Frank starling law
3. ⬆️Afterload = ⬇️stroke volume
149
shunt that allows oxygen to bypass the liver
ductus venosus (fetal) which carries oxygenated blood, it becomes the ligamentum venosus
150
small blood vessels supplying larger blood vessels
vasa vasorum
151
vessels with the greatest cross-sectional area
capillaries (aorta has the smallest cross-sectional area)
152
blood flow is fastest in what blood vessel
aorta (smaller cross sectional area = faster blood flow)
153
peripheral vascular resistance is greatest in?
arterioles (have high blood pressure; veins have low PVR = highly compliant = stetching property of veins because of thin muscular layer)
*vascular resistance is the resistance of the blood vessel wall against blood pressure
154
Types of nuclear changes during apoptosis
Pyknosis - nucleus shrinks and chromatin condenses
Karyorrehexis - fragmentation of the nucleus and chromatin disintegrates
Karyolysis - nucleus dissolutiob
155
Axoneme
9+2 pattern ot 9+0 pattern arrangemrnt of microtubules present in cilia, flagella, tail of sperms
156
Longest phase of cellular division
Interphase (g1 - cell grows, S - dna replication and rna synthesis, g2 - prepare for mitotis and double organelle)
*G0 - no more division*
157
Phenomenon wherein homologous chromosomes pair during meiosis
Synapsis (prophase 1)
158
Sharing of DNA of two homologous chromosomes
**generic recombination** or
Crossing-over
Chiastmata formation
(Prophase 1)
no synapsis and recombination sa prophase 2 ha!
159
Holds the chromosomes during cellular division
Centrosome - contains pair of centrioles made of microtubules arranged in **cartwheel pattern**
160
Most important buffer in the blood plasma
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Phospate also acts as a buffer
161
Other term for Macula adherens
Spot weld like*
Desmosomes - attaches same cells
Ex. Epidermis and cardiac muscles
(*For hemidesmosomes, different cells - junctional epith and tooth surface etc)
162
Forms a bridge that allows ion diffusion between cells
Gap junction
163
Differentiate tight junctions and adherens junctions
Zona occludens (TJ) prevents leaking of substance
Zona adherens (AJ) prevents separation of epithelial cells during intestinal contraction
164
Primary buffer in kidney
Ammonia
165
Three openings of diaphragm
C 8 phrenic (caval)
E 10 vagus (esophageal)
A 12 azygos and thoracic duct (aortic)
166
Divides pelvis into having greater and lesser sciatic notches
**Ischial spine**
Ileum - most superior, 4 spines
Ischeum - most posterior and inferior, one spine
Pubis - most anterior
167
Levator ani muscles
Iliococcygeus muscle
Pubococcygeus muscle
Puborectalis muscle
168
Responsible for the elasticity of muscles
Titin (largest protein)
169
Major excitatory neurotransmitter
Glutamate
170
Major inhibitory neurotransmitters
Gamma amino butyric acid
171
Location of apex heart beat
5th left intercostal space, midclavicular line
172
What is the starling's law of the heart?
The more the cardiac muscle fibers are stretched, the more forcefully they contract
173
Substances that influence blood pressure
Nitric oxide (endothelium) - vasodilation
Antidiuretic hormone (supraoptic nuclei -water retention - inc blood volume -inc BP
Epi and norepi (adrenal medulla) -inc heart rate, vasoconstriction
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
-excrete water and Na
174
Anchors the vocal cords
Arytenoid carilages
175
Supports the posterior of the tracheal wall
Trachealis muscle
176
Pores between alveoli present in some alveolar walls
Pores of Kohn
177
complement protein for chemotaxis of wbc
c5a
178
complement protein for activation of wbc
c3a
c4a
c5a
179
complement protein for membrane attack complex
c5bc6c7c8c9
boltes five
180
Location and Effect of alpha 1 receptor
Vasoconstriction (inc BP)
Decrease blood flow to salivary glands, mucosal membranes, kidneys, and abdominal viscera (decrease function and secretions)
Pupillary dilation (mydriasis)
Closing of sphincters of stomach and urinary bladder
Increased sweating (on palms and soles)
181
Alpha 2 receptors location and effect
Vasodilation (dec BP)
Beta cells dec insulin secretion
Dec pancreatic acinar cells digestive secretions
Platelet plug formation
182
Effect of Beta 1 receptors
Inc force of contraction and heart rate
Renin secretion
ADH secretion
Breakdown of triglycerides
183
Effect of beta 2 receptors
Bronchodilation
Vasodilation (BV in heart, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver)
Glycogenolysis (hepatocytes)
184
Effect of beta 3 receptor
Thermogenesis (brown adipose tissue)
185
Principal site of protein digestion?
Stomach (pepsin)
186
Mediate hyperventilation upon detecting increased arterial PCO2
Medullary chemoreceptors
187
demarcates the occipital lobe
calcarine fissure
188
connects the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum
vermis
189
separates the cerebrum and cerebellum
tentorium cerebelli
190
Protective reflex that provides blood flow to the CNS system in response to the increase in intracranial pressure (ex. Due to intracranial hemorrhage)
Cushing's reflex or vasopressor response
Triad: hypertension, bradycardia, irregular breathing
*Systolic hypertension --> increase pulse pressure
191
Enzyme that catalyzes CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 reaction
Carbonic anhydrase
192
Complement system proteins that are also known as Anaphylatoxins
C3a
C5a (chemotaxis)
193
Anterior tooth most likely to have a bifurcated root
Permanent mandibular canine
194
Elastic fibers seen in PDL and gingival fibers
Oxytalan - pdl
Elaun**in** - g**in**gival fibers
Elastic - to regulate blood flow
