commdent Flashcards by Princess Dusk

case studies vs case series

case studies - describes unusual case
case series - describes recurring unusual cases
cross-sectional studies - prevalence study or point study - cases are obsereved only at a point in time

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prevalence vs incidence

prevalence - prevailing cases
incidence - new cases

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comparative study between groups with disease and groups without disease

case-control studies

odds ratio - simply an association; what are the odds of having on condition

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comparative study between groups wothout disease but with exposure variables and groups without disease and without exposure variables

cohort studies
risk ratio (RR) - how many acquires the disease

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levels of prevention

prevention concepts and health/disease continuum by Leavell and Clark

Primary - prevent disease initiation
secondary - prevent disease progression and recurrentce
tertiary - prevention of loss of function

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uses population-level data to examine the relationship between exposure rates and disease rates (levels of exposure)

Ecological study

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provides a picture of the health status of a population at one point in time

cross sectional study or prevalence studies

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compares the exposure histories of participants with and without a particular disease

case control study - identifies risk factors

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follows participants over time to identify risk factors, uses incidence data

cohort study - can be retrospective or prospective

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gold standard for assessing causality

experimental
Randomized control trials - some participants are randomly assigned to an intervention group and given an intervention; can be unblinded, single-blinded, double-blinded, or triple-blinded

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an analysis of previous researches or publications on a specific topic

meta analysis / systematic review - offers new interpretations based on conclusions

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used to gain insignt on participants attitudes, behaviours, concerns, motivations,

qualitative study - uses interviews, surveys, group discussions etc

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entire group of individuals or items

population or universe

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group where representative information is desired and to whom inferences will be made

target population

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representative group to be tested/included in the research

sampling population

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object or person observed or on which a measurement is taken

elementary unit

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non-overlapping collection of elements or elementary units

sampling unit

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list showing all the sampling units

sampling frame

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probability of being selected as part of a sample is difficult to determine

non-probability sampling
purposive or judgment sampling
accidental or haphazard - who ever is available
quota sampling - until quota is reached
snowball - used for hidden populations or when gathering sensitive info (uses referral system)

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non-zero chance for a participant to be included in the sample

probability sampling
simple random sampling - equal chance, fishbowl
systematic sampling - with sampling interval
stratified random sampling - divided into strata then simple random sampling is done per strata
cluster sampling - divided into clusters and every sample in the cluster becomes sampling units
multi-stage sampling - divided into groups and subgroups until desired stage

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graph that compares data between two categories

bar graph

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graph that shows trends over time/shows pattern

line graph

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shows breakdown of a limited number of categories

pie chart

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graph that compares how a whole is made up of components for two or more groups

component bar diagram

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graph: frequency distribution of continuous variable

histogram (numerical, no gaps unlike bar graph)

graph that shows relationship between two quantifiable variables

scatter diagram

branches of statistics

descriptive stat - summarize and present data inferential stat - concerned with making estimates, predictions, generalizations, conclusions

tendency of a measurable characteristic to change

variability *statistics is needed to interpret variability or variation

the cause or the predictor; determines the value of the dependent variable

independent variable

effect or outcome; affected by the independed variable

dependent variabl

other variables that may affect the dependent var. but are not of importance to the researcher

confounding or control variable *must be controlled for more reliable results

in between the dependent and independednt variable in the causal pathway

Intermediate variable -- confounding variable caused by independent variable

levels of measurements of variables

**CATEGORICAL** A. nominal B. ordinal **CONTINUOUS** A. Interval - No true zero (temp in celcius) B. ratio - can gave a value of zero (temp in Kelvin, money)

describes a set of data by identifying a central position within that set of data

measures of central tendency mean - ave of all values median - middle value when data are arranged mode - most frequently occuring data midrange - highest and lowest values divided by 2

spread of data points around the central value; helps understand the distribution of data

Measures of variation or Dispersion 1. range - difference bet max value and min value 2. variance - average squared deviation from the mean of the given data set 3. standard deviation - square root of the variance 4. coefficient of variation - ratio of the standard deviation to the mean

characteristics of a normal distribution curve or bell curve

mean median mode are equal curve is symmetricak follows 68-95-99.7

stat test for cause-effect relationships

regression test

stat test that uses population parameters and is used to validate if teh sample is the same with the population

Z-test (if the sample mean is the same as population mean)

stat test used to compare the means of two samples; used when the population parameters and standard deviation are unkown

T-test

stat test used to compare categorical variables

chi square test

stat test used to compare three or more samples

ANOVA analysis of variance

study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people; studies the distribution of diseases

epidemiology

frequency measure that expresses a relation in size between two random quantities that do not need to be related

ratio *risk ratio (risk in exposed group: risk in unexposed group)*

part of a whole, usually expressed as percentage

proportion the first quantity (numerator) is a part of the second quantity (denominator) ex. no of teeth with caries/number of teeth present

measures the occurrence of some particular event (development of disease or the occurrence of death) in a population during a given time period

rate

these are actual observed rates for a population

crude rates (ex. birth and death rates)

actual observed rates due to specific causes or occurring in specific groups or during specific time periods

specific rates

adjusted rates for better comparision with other population or groups

standardized rates

crude birth rate

number of live births per 1000 population over a period of time

crude fertility rate

number of live births / number of women aged 15-44 per 1000 population over a period of time

killing power of a disease; deaths due to a disease / cases

case fatality rate (time interval is NOT specified)

occurrence of more cases of disease than expected in a given area or among a specific group of people over a particular period of time

epidemic or outbreak

constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area or population group

endemic

epidemic occurring over a very wide area (several countries or continents) and usually affecting a large proportion of the population

pandemic

means scattered about; cases occur irregularly, haphazardly from time to time and generally infrequently

sporadic

measures of disease frequency (2)

1. prevalence - nubmer of existing cases in a population (point prevalence vs period prevalence) *cross-sectional* 2. incidence rate - number of new cases during a specified period of time (new cases/persons at risk-time) *cohort*

index that measures the presence or absence of condition

simple index

index that is only a representative part or sample is measured

simplified index

index that measures all the evidence of a condition

cumulative index

detects the condition when it is present; true positives? it is used for?

Sensitivity used for screening

does not detect the condition when it is absent; true negative? it is used for?

specificity used for final diagnosis

measures presence or absence of supragingival plaque on the tooth (per surface) after application of disclosing solution; Simple and full-mouth index?

plaque control record/PCR (O' Leary et al)

measures presence or absence of interproximal surfaces after disclosing solution?

Approximal Plaque Index/API facial aspect on one side, oral aspect on the other side

measures thickness of plaque on the gingival margin/ gingival third of the tooth; no disclosing solution needed

plaque index (Sillness and Loe)

measures severity of inflammation on six representative teeth; simplified index

gingival index (Sillness and Loe) SILLy PI/Gi usual index teeth: 16, 12, 24, 36, 32, 44

measures the presence or absence of inflammation on all teeth on all surfaces

bleeding on probing **high specificity!**

measures the presence or absence of inflammation on the interdental papillae of teeth

Papilla bleeding index Saxer and Muhlemann *PILA sa S.M*

measures the amount of debris and calculus on full erupted permanent teeth

Oral hygiene index Vermillion and Green Very Good ang OHI

same as OHI but only representative index teeth are measured

Simplified Oral hygiene (OHI-S) index teeth are 16, 26, 36, 46, 11, 31

formulated the DMFT/dmft caries index

Klein and Palmer Kadiri Pangit ng DMFT

represents the past and present caries experience of a patient;

DMFT/dmft (Klein and Palmer) - an irreversible, cumulative index

caries index for primary teeth but does not take into consideration missing teeth

deft (decayed, **for** extraction, filled teeth) by Gruebell Grabe bunot agad

ICDAS meaning

International Caries Detection and Assessment System 0 - sound 1 - first visual change 2 - distinct visual change 3 - localized enamel breakdown due to caries with no visible dentin 4 - underlying dark shadow from dentin 5 - distinct cavity with visible dentin 6 - extensive distinct cavity with dentin

measures attack rate of caries on exposed root surfaces

root caries index (by Katz) = Ukat = ugat hehe only teeth with gingival recessions are examined

test for caries susceptibility test for acid produced by bacteria

snyder test uses saliva

CPITN meaning

Communitiy Periodontal Index OF Treatment Needs -developed by WHO and FDI -divides the dentition into sextants and the teeth are probed -each sextant is given a rating based on the pocket depth and presence of subgingival calculus and then given a recommended treatment -uses special probe (WHO probe)

codes for CPITN

4 : >= 6mm (black band not visible) 3 : >=4-5mm gingival margin within black band 2 : calculus, all black band visible 1 : bleeding observed after probing 0 : healthy

measures the severity of mottled enamel on the two most affected teeth

Dean's index (Trendley Dean) mottled enamel - fluorosis

fluoride inhibits what regulatory bacterial enzyme

glucosyltranferase (in low concentration) in high concentrations: directly toxic to some bacteria

one of the most important public health meaasures in the 20th century

water fluoridation

optimal concentration of communal water fluoridation

1ppm (0.7-1.2ppm)

school water fluoridation should be ____ higher than community

4.5 times

tooth surface that benefits the most from fluoridation

proximal surface

topical application of concentrated fluoride on the dentition

fluoridization - primary preventive agent during adolescence (along with sealants) gel or powder (tray) varnish (painted on)

most popular topical fluoride; can be used in trays that stay inside the child's mouth for 4 minutes or as a varnish (conc and pH?)

APF (acidulated phosphate fluoride) 1.23% pH - 3.2

most commonly used in fluoride mouth rinses; best used if there are porcelain, GI, or composite resto (other solutions can remove the glaze or polish) (conc and pH?)

2% NaF (sodium fluoride) pH 9.2

fluoride that is know for brown staining (conc and pH?)

8% SnF2 (Stannous fluoride) 2.1 - 2.3

dietary fluoride supplement schedule by ADA

0-6 mo 6mo - 3 yo 3-6yo 6-16yo >16yo <0.3ppm 0.3-0.6ppm >0.6ppm 0.25mg, 0.5mg, 1mg Rule of 6: greater than 0.6ppm, less than 6 mo, older than 16 = no need for supplemental

fluoride level of drinking water of areas where fluorosis is endemic

more than 3ppm

toxic dose for fluoride

kids: 5mg/kg adults: 32 - 64mg/kg (4-5kg lethal dose) Symptoms: n/v , diarrhea, abdominal cramping

fluoride toxicity treatment

syrup of ipecac - induce vomiting milk of magnesia - decrease acidity of stomach (decrease the absorption of fluoride)