Microochenes Flashcards
1
Q
Virus: Oral hairy leukoplakia in HIV infected
A
Epstain barr virus
2
Q
bacteria most associated with acute bacterial endocarditis
A
staph aureus
3
Q
bacteria most associated with subacute bacterial endocarditis
A
strep viridans
4
Q
primary bacteria for dental caries in enamel, dentin, and root surfaces?
A
enamel - strep mutans
dentin - lactobacillus acidophilus or lactobacillus casei
root - actinomyces viscosus
5
Q
bacteria: 1st colonizer of plaque
A
strep sanguis (alpha hemolytic)
6
Q
bacteria: 1st colonizer of oral cavity
A
strep salivarius (alpha hemolytic)
7
Q
most common cause of food poisoning
A
staph aureus
8
Q
Babes-Ernst granules
A
red metachromic granules seen in Corynebacterium (gram +)
Hx: Chinese characters or club-shaped
note: diphtheria
B(abes) C D E(rnst)
9
Q
causes whooping cough or high pitched sound when inhaling
A
Bordatella pertussis (gram +)
pertussis
10
Q
bacteria exhibiting tumbling motility and umbrella shape
A
Listeria monocytogenes (gram +)
11
Q
partly gram positive, partly acid fast bacteria
A
Nocardia (N. asteroides)
12
Q
gram positive spore forming bacteria
A
bacillus -obligate aerobe
clostridium -obligate anaerobe
endospores —> resting cell (unfavorable condition) —> vegetative/active cell (favorable)
13
Q
primarily a disease of herbivores though humans can be infected by contact with infected animals? other name?
A
caused bacillus antracis
anthrax aka wool-sorter’s disease
14
Q
causes pseudomembranous colitis
A
overgrowth of C. difficile (normal GI flora) because of Clindamycin
15
Q
associated with food poisoning which causes gas gangrene
A
C. perfringes (gram +, obligate anaerobe)
16
Q
results to muscle paralysis or muscle relaxation
A
botilinum toxin (C. botilinum) gram + obligate anaerobe
*Curare
*Succinylcholine
17
Q
results to muscle spasm due to EXCITATION of neurons
A
tetanus toxins from C. tetani(gram +, obligate anaerobe)
18
Q
most commonly encountered actinomyces
A
actinomyces israelii (gram +)
19
Q
Bacteria Associated with root surface caries
A
Actinomyces viscosus (gram +)
20
Q
Bacteria Associated with dentital caries
A
Lactobacillus acidophilis/casei (gram +)
21
Q
Meningitis in young adult
A
Neisseria meningitidis (gram -)
Waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome
22
Q
Meningitis in neonates
A
- Escherichia coli
-causes cystitis, traveller’s diarrhea (montezuma’s revenge) - S. agalactiae
- Listeria
23
Q
Causes meningitis in infants and children
A
Haemophilus influenza (gram -)
24
Q
Meningitis in old adults
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae (gram +)
-causes bacterial pneumonia
25
Causative agent of syphilis?
Stages of syphilis and presentation?
Treponema pallidum (spirochetes, gram -)
Primary - chancre sores
Secondary - white mucous patches (condyloma lata)
Tertiary - gummatous necrosis
26
Causative agent of Vincent's disease
Treponema denticola (spirochetes, gram -) -causes periodontal disease
Vincent's= trench mouth/NUG
27
Causative agent of Weil's disease
Weil = rat fever = leptospirosis
Leptospira (spirochetes, gram -) -establishes in the liver and kidney
28
Most common gram - bacteria associated with nosocomial infections
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
29
Bacteriodes are re-classified into
Prevotella
Porphyromonas
30
Gram (-) obligate intracellular parasites
Rickettsia
Chlamydia (most common STD)
31
Causative of Louse-borne/epidemic typhus
R. Prowazekii (human lice)
Gram -
32
Causative of murine/endemic typhus
R. typhi (fleas)
Gram -
33
Causative of rocky mountain spotted fever
R. rickettsia (ticks)
Gram -
34
Produces red pigment when cultured. It causes UTI
Serratia marcescens
35
Causative agent of bubonic plague or black death disease
Yersinia pestis (gram -)
36
Causative agent of typhoid fever
Salmonella typhi
37
Causative agent of peptic ulcers
Helicobacter pylori (gram -)
38
Causative agent of cholera (watery diarrhea)
Vibrio cholera (gram -)
39
Causative agent of shigellosis (bloody diarrhea)
Shigella dysenteriae (gram -)
40
Causative agent of amoebiasis (bloody stool)
Entamoeba histolytica
41
Stays dormant in the phagocyte
Mycobacterium tuberculosis -causes tuberculosis
42
Causes Hansen's disease
Aka Leprosy / ketong
Mycobacterium leprae
43
Causes infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms
Cytomegalovirus (dormant in **salivary glands**) - HHV 5
44
HHV 1 and HHV 2
Herpes simplex virus
Type 1 - dormant in CN V
Primary lesion: primary herpetic gingivostomatitis
Secondary lesion: herpes labialis (cold sores)
Type II - genitals (dormant in Sacral Ganglia)
45
Epstain Barr virus is associated with?
BIHHN
Burkitts lymphoma
Infections mononucleosis
Hodgkin's lymphoma
Hairy leukoplakia (white)
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
46
HHV 3
HHV 4
HHV 5
HHV 6
HHV 7
HHV 8
3- Varicella zoster virus (dorsal root and cranial nerve ganglion)
4- epstein barr virus (resting memory B lymphocytes)
5- cytomegalovirus (nucleui of cells in endothelium of arterial wall and T lymphocytes)
6- roseola infantum
7-
8- kaposi sarcoma (purple/red/brown)
1, 2 VE CyRo Ka (1,2 behh zero ka)
47
Vzv is dormant where? It causes what diseases
Posterior root ganglia of spinal cord
Chicken pox (varicella zoster)
Shingles (herpes zoster) -follows dermatome
Ramsay-hunt syndrome (herpes zoster oticus)
48
Adenovirus causes?
Pharyngitis, pneumonia, and conjunctivitis
*Astrazenica is an adenovirus
49
Human papilloma virus causes
Warts and cervical cancer
Type 2 and type 4 are the most common cause of common warts
Type 16 - cervical cancer
Type 18 - hot wart-related
50
Smallest double stranded DNA virus
Hepadnavirus (hepatitis B virus)
51
Incubation period of hepadnavirus
6 to 8 weeks
*Only hepatitis virus that has DNA Genome!!!*
Uses reverse transcriptase that allows viral replication
52
Viral antigens of hepadnavirus
HBsAg - australian antigen, surface antigen
HBcAg - core antigen
53
Shortest incubation hepatitis
Hep A (2-6 weeks)
Picornavirus
54
Most serious type of hepatitis
Hep C (flavivirus)
55
Hep that can only bind if infected with Hep B
Hepatitis D (delta virus)
56
Hepatitis viruses family
Hep A - picornavirus
Hep B - hepadnavirus
Hep C - flavivirus
Hep D - delta virus
Hep E - calicivirus
57
Molluscum contagiousum is caused by?
Poxvirus
58
Inclusion bodies: guarneri bodies
Poxvirus/ variola/ smallpox
59
Inclusion bodies: negri bodies
Rhabdoviridae
60
Inclusion bodies: councilman bodies
Yellow fever (flavivirus)
61
Virus family that causes poliomyelitis
Picornavirus - enterovirus - poliovirus
62
Viruses that causes common cold (mild)
Adenovirus (DNA)
Coronavirus (RNA)
Influenza (RNA, orthomyxovirus)
Parainfluenza (RNA, paramyxovirus)
**Rhinovirus (RNA, picornavirus)**
63
Disease associated with coxsackie virus
**Coxsackie A**
Herpangina
Hand-food-mouth disease
Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
**Coxsackie B**
Pleurodynia (epidemic myalgia)
Myocarditis/pericariditis
64
Can be associated with mild infections (mild respiratory infections) to more severe ones (aseptic meningitis)
Echovirus from enterovirus of the picornaviruses
65
Picornaviruses
1. ENTEROVIRUS
a. Poliovirus
b. Rhinovirus
c. Coxsackie virus (A and B)
d. Echovirus
2. HEPATITIS A
66
Causes flu and adult viral pneumonia
Influenza virus (orthomyxovirus)
In infants (1yr old), the most common cause is **respiratory syncytial virus**
67
Paramyxoviruses
1. Parainfluenza virus - causes respiratory infections
2. Respiratory syncytial virus - viral pneumonia in infants
3. Rubeola/measles - associated with **koplik spots** (whitish lesion surrounded by bluish red areola) BEFORE rashes
4. Mumps virus (orchitis, oophoritis, pancreatitis)
68
Causes rubella or german measles
Togavirus
Causes **morbilliform rash**, malaise, low-grade fever
Complication:congenital defects (deafness, microcephaly)
Dental: forchheimer spots on soft palate
69
Most common cause of gastroenteritis in <2 yrs old
Rotavirus of reoviruses
70
Viruses under flavivirus family
1. Dengue virus (attacks bone marrow cells resulting to leuko and thrombocytopenia) *aedes aegypti*
2. Yellow fever (attacks liver/kidney. Hx. Councilman bodies)
3. Zika virus (assoc w/ Guillan Barre syndrome)
4. West nile virus
5. Hepatitis C virus
Flavi DezC WY (Flappy disk why)
71
Family of HIV
Lentivirus (subtype of retrovirus)
Retro kasi may **reverse** transcriptase (RNA to DNA)
72
HIV diagnostic tests
ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)
PCR (polymerase chain rxn)
Northern blot - RNA blot test
Southern blot - DNA blot test
**Western blot - detects HIV proteins**
Western + elisa = 99.9% accurate
73
Toxoid vaccines
Diptheria
Tetanus
74
Live attenuated vaccines
MMR
rotavirus
Smallpox
Chicken pox
Yellow fever
MRS YELLOW CHICKEN
75
Inactivated vaccines
Hep A
Flu
Rabies
Polio (Salk and sabin *live attenuated)
76
Fungal infection of skin/hair/nails due to dermophytes (tricophyton, epidermophyton, microsporum)
Dermatophytoses (tinea *pedis*, *capitis* -scalp, *cruris* -jock itch, *ungulum* -nails, *corporis* -non hairy skin, *barbae* -skin in the beard area, *facie* nonbearded parts of the face)
❗If due to yeast like candida, *cutaneous candidiasis*
77
Causes histoplasmosis
Histoplasmosis capsulatum
(Fungal)
*Birds and bats
78
Causative of coccidiodomycosis (other name for the diseasae)
Aka valley fever or san joaquin fever
*Usually in US mexico etc
**Coccidioides immitis**
(Fungal)
79
May present pulmonary lesion resembling coin lesion of TB
Histoplasmosis and coccidiodomycosis
(fungal)
80
Causative of cryptococcosis
Cryptococcus neoformans or cryptococcus gattii
*Inhaled from the environment and migrate to CNS leading to meningoencephalitis
(Fungal)
81
Mycotic infection involving lungs, skin, etc with ship wheeler appearance under microscope (3 names)
Blastomycosis / Gilchrist's disease / North American blastomycosis
82
Number 1 killer among parasitic infection
Malaria caused by *plasmodium*
*Invades the liver before invading the RBCs*
Vector: female anopheles' mosquito
83
Causative of toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma gondii (from cats)
84
Causative of pneumocytosis
Pneumocystis carinii
85
Causes trichomoniasis
Trichomonas vaginalis
Inflammation of vagina, prostate, or urethra
86
Causes rat-bite fever
Spirillum minus
87
Causative agent of Lyme disease
Borrelia carried by ticks
-causes bulls eye rash (erythrma migrans)
88
How to differentiate staph and strep??
Catalase testing
+ = staph
- = strep
89
Positive to gram staining, catalase test and coagulase/protein A
Staph aureus
90
Panton valentine leukocidin
Staph aureus
91
Non enveloped virus with icosahedral capsid composed of an outer and inner protein shell containing segmented ds RNA
Reovirus -virion contains an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase --replicate in cytoplasm
Members: rotaviruses (gastroenteritis in 2yo and under), coltivirus (colorado tick fever virus)
92
RNA non-enveloped virus families
PRC walang binibigay na envelope
Picornavirus
Reovirus
Calicivirus
93
Only member of the paramyxovirus that lacks the envelope glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
Respiratory syncytial virus (causes pneumonia in infants) -surface spikes are fusion (F) proteins
94
Paramyxovirus vs orthomyxovirus
Paramyxo larger in size and have different surface proteins (H, N, F proteins) as well as nonsegmented genomes
95
Only virus to obtain their virion envelopes by budding from the host nuclear or golgi membrane, *not* the host plasma membrane
Herpesvirus - replicate in nucleus!
Hallmark: ability to establish latent infection
96
DNA enveloped virus
Herpesvirus
Poxvirus
Hepadnavirus
97
Infectious (solely) protein particle and diseases they cause
Prions
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (mad cow disease)
*Do not ilicit inflammatory or antibody response*
*Contain EITHER rna or dna encased in capsid*
98
Rna and dna virus transcription sites?
RNA - involves RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; occurs in cytoplasm except retro and influenza
DNA - involves host-cell DNA-dependent RNA polymerase; occurs in nucleus except poxvirus
99
Reproducr mainly by spore formation, elaborate no endotoxin, grown on Sabouraud's medium
Fungi
100
Test to differentiate strep pneumoniae from other strep
Bile solubility test
101
Test for presumptive detection of E. Coli on urine specimens
Indole test
102
Bacteria engulfed and enclosed in a vacuole within the cytoplasm is called?
Phagosome
Phagosome + lysosome= phagolysosome
103
Two major opsonins
IgG and C3b
104
Smallest bacteria devoid of cell wall and are only surrounded by a cell membrane
Mycoplasma - ONLY PROKARYOTE that has sterols in their cytoplasmic membrane
*Lack of cell wall makes them not affected by antimicrobials such as beta-lactams
105
Immunoglobulin found in the highest concentration in serum samples from px with perio disease
IgG
106
Predominant subgingival bacteria associated with gingival health
Strep mitis, sanguis
Actinomyces viscosus, naeslundii
Rothia dentocariosus
Staph epidermidis
Small spirochetes
107
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is associated with?
Associated with aggressive periodontal disease and localised aggressive periodontitis
108
Porphyromonas gingivalis is associated with?
Chronic periodontal disease and aggressive periodontitis
109
Tannerella forsythia is assoc with?
Perio disease
110
Associated with anug
Treponema denticola
Prevotella intermedia
111
Superficial mycoses
Pityriasis versicolor
-Malassezia furfur
Black piedra
-piedrai hortae
-tinea nigra
-hortae werneckii
White piedra
-trichosporon spp
112
Cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses
Dermatophytoses
-microsporum
-trichophyton
-epidermophyton
Tinea unguium
-Trichophyton spp
-E. Floccosum
Onychomycosis
-candida
-aspergillus
-trichosporon
-geotrichum
Mycotic keratitis
-fusarium
-aspergillus
-candida
Chromoblastomycosis
-
113
Endemic mycoses
Blstomyces
Histoplasma capsulatum
Coccidiodes
Penicillium
Paracoccidiodes
114
Most serious type of the four species of malaria
Plasmodium falciparum
115
Differentiate the different types of helminths: nematodes, trematodes, cestodes
Nematodes (roundworms) and trematodes (flukes) have a mouth and intestinal tract while cestodes (tapeworms absorb directly through the outer tegument)
116
**Black water fever** is associated with what microorganism
Plasmodium falciparum (malaria)
117
Infectious form of a virus outside the host cell
Virion
