P3 last push

Question 1

Who argued there’s been a rise of surveilance from bellow? - synoptic surveillance

Answer 1

Mathiesen

Question 2

Who argued sousveillance - controlling the controllers?

Answer 2

Mann

Question 3

Who argued surveillant assembladges?

Answer 3

Haggerty & Ericson

Question 4

Who argued actuarial justice and risk management? - technology of power emerging through CJS and:
- focuses on groups
- doesn’t rehabilitate, but prevents from offending
- uses actuarial analysis

Answer 4

Feeley & Simon

Question 5

Who argued social sorting allows to categorise people so they could be treated differently according to the level of risk they pose?

Answer 5

Lyon

Question 6

Who argued labelling and surveillance whereby CCTV operators disproportionally targeted young black males?

Answer 6

Norris & Armstrong

Question 7

Who argued capitalism makes the working class turn to crime due to?:
- poverty
- only way to get material goods
- alienation at work - non-utilitarian crime

Answer 7

Gordon

Question 8

Who argued crime is a meaningful attempt to demonstrate one’s beliefs?

Answer 8

Taylor

Question 9

Who argued hate crime offenders get thrills from transferring suffering to those different to them?

Answer 9

Levin & McDevitt

Question 10

Who argued we should adopt a transgressive appraoch to crime? (Postmodernism)

Answer 10

Henry & Milovanovic

Question 11

Who found that there was a decrease in tolerance towards minor offences in America → truancy was outlawed → increase in deviance?

Answer 11

Triplett

Question 12

Who outlined the term ‘relative deprivation’?

Answer 12

Runciman

Question 13

Who found that peple dissatisfied with their lives formed delinquent subcultures, whilst others turned to Rastafarianism? Both offered solutions to relative deprivation

Answer 13

Ken Pryce

Question 14

Who argued the underclass have criminogenic environment?

Answer 14

Dilulio & Waters

Question 15

Who argued that not all men accomplish their masculinity through crime?

Answer 15

Jefferson

Question 16

Who found joyriding in 2 council estates due to the failure to perform masculinity in legitimate ways?

Answer 16

Campbell

Question 17

Who argued female behaviour is more strictly controlled in the family?

Answer 17

Abbott and Wallace

Question 18

Which organisation found that x% of women felt controlled in public spaces by fear of male violence?

Answer 18

Islington Crime Survey - 54%

Question 19

What is the % increase in female violent crimes each year?

Answer 19

PRC: 17%

Question 20

Who argued that the rise in official statistics for female violent crime is due to widening net policies?

Answer 20

Sharpe & Gelsthorpe

Question 21

Who argued women are sentenced more harshly than men in similar circumstances?

Answer 21

Heidensohn

Question 22

Who found that x% of males and x% of females shoplifted, proving against the Chivalry Thesis?

Answer 22

Buckle & Farrington
2.8% & 1.4%

Question 23

Black are x% of prison population, yet x% of general population?

Answer 23

11% prison population
2.8% general population

Question 24

Black are x% more likely to be stopped and searched?

Answer 24

x4

Question 25

Who found that x% of media reports were about violent/sexual crim whereas irl they only make up 3% of all crimes?

Answer 25

Ditton & Duffy

Question 26

Who argued successful people with material goods are strongly tied to expectations of those in the same strate → in cases of financial difficulties are encouraged to innovate?

Answer 26

Nelkin

Question 27

Who argued that individuals within organisations with criminal culture accepted it due to?: - deviant subcultures - techniques of neutralisation

Answer 27

Geis

Question 28

Who argued some businesses work with loyalty holding them back from committing crime?

Answer 28

Nelkin

Question 29

Who argued capitalism sustains the illusion that the corporate crime is the exception rather than the norm → does not cause crisis of legitimacy for capitalism?

Answer 29

Pearce

Question 30

Who argued corporate crime was de-labelled → businesses have power to avoid labelling as they can affor lawyers?

Answer 30

Nelken

Question 31

Who argued transgressive approach to green crime - widen the definition to include harm?

Answer 31

Lynch & Stretcky

Question 32

Who argued marginalised groups are more likely to be victims of green crime? Environmental racism - those suffering from green crimes are of different ethnicity?

Answer 32

Potter

Question 33

Who argued anthropocentric and ecocentric view of harm?

Answer 33

White

Question 34

Who argued primary and secondary green crimes?

Answer 34

South

Question 35

Who found that 262 million people were murdered by governments in 20th century?

Answer 35

Green & Ward

Question 36

Who studied My Lai Massacre and outlined crime of obedience model? What are the 3 components?

Answer 36

Kelman & Hamilton - authorisation - dehumanisation - routinisation

Question 37

Who studies the Nazi was criminal and found that he was normal and not even anti-Semitic → authoritarian personality?

Answer 37

Arendt

Question 38

Who found that global criminal economy is worth over £1 trillion per year?

Answer 38

Castells

Question 39

Which organisation found that organised international crime was worth £590b per year?

Answer 39

UN

Question 40

Who argued international financial organisation are dominated by major capitalist states → impose structural adjustment programmes on poor countries as a condition for loans → governments have to cut public spending → creates conditions for crime? e.g. 80's programme in Rwanda → mass unemplpyment → basis for the genocide

Answer 40

Rothe & Friedrichs

Question 41

Who argued being a victim can have physical and emotional impact, such as disrupted sleep, feeling of helplessness or increased security consciousness?

Answer 41

Hoyle

Question 42

Who argued CJS constibute to secondary victimisation with female victims rather than male offenders appearing on trial?

Answer 42

Walklate

Question 43

Who argued older women's fear is realistic because it's based around perceived fear of sexual assault, which operates as a master offence affecting the perception of risk of crimes in general?

Answer 43

Ferraro

Question 44

Who argued 2 difficulties measuring the fear of crime? 1. difficult to operationalism 2. difficult to measure how significant it is

Answer 44

1. Goodey 2. Farall and Gadd

Question 45

Who argued that positivist appraoch to victimology seeks to identify characteristics of victims that make them different from non-victims through - victim proneness - victim precipitation

Answer 45

Tierney

Question 46

Who found that 26% of homicides in Philadelphia were triggered by victim perpetration?

Answer 46

Wolfgang

Question 47

How much violent incidents are committed by men against women?

Answer 47

90%

Question 48

How much of rape victims are women?

Answer 48

92%

Question 49

PRC records x racist icidents each year

Answer 49

54,000

Question 50

Who argued critical victimology challenges positivist victimology in 3 ways ○ Analyse the role played by state power in non-identification of victims ○ Focus on hidden victims of corporate / state crime ○ Analyse the processes of victim blaming

Answer 50

Spencer & Walklate

Question 51

Who argued that wheher people are defined as victims depends on how closely they resemble the image of 'ideal victim'?

Answer 51

Whyte

Question 53

Who argued hierarchy of victimisation?

Answer 53

Thombs & Whye

Question 54

Who argued that radical victimology is the approach that focuses on vulnerability of some groups and draws attention to power's role in relation to failure to recognise vicitmisation?

Answer 54

Newburn

Question 55

Who argued state crime could be studied through radical victimology because the victims teend to be poor and powerless?

Answer 55

Kauzlarich

Question 56

Who argued radical victimology's focus on women as victims → dichotomy with men as perpetrators and women as victims?

Answer 56

Newburn & Stanko

Question 57

Black are at x% more risk of homicide

Answer 57

x4

Question 58

% risk of being a victim for mixed ethnic and white

Answer 58

Mixed ethnic - 27.9% White - 15.7%

Question 59

Who argued police clear-up rates are too low to act as a deterrent to crime as they don't spend enough time on investigation → the public must be involved in policing style and priorities

Answer 59

Kingsley, Lea & Young

Question 60

Who argued theory of tipping?

Answer 60

Baldwin & Bottoms

Question 61

Who argued the rise of community safety has allowed the government to diffuse their power throughout the community?

Answer 61

Cohen

Question 62

Which organisation found that whilst prison population grew by 22%, it only reduced crime by 5%

Question 63

Which organisation notes that 47.5% adult and 70% juvenile prisoners reoffend in the same year?

Answer 63

Ministry of Justice

Question 64

Who argued US prison system soaks up 30-40% of the unemployed, making capitalism look successful?

Answer 64

Downes

Question 65

Who argued that only a few stealers, robbers or burglars are put off by the CCTV?

Answer 65

Gill & Loveday

Question 66

Who argued meaning of action depends on the context and classification of objects is collective, not individual because we share assumptions about the world based on typifications used to construct recipe knowledge?

Answer 66

Shutz